درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Finance and indebtedness remain major problems for most countries, especially developing countries it therefore requests to stand in front of them to reduce them and prevent their exacerbation, Global rating agencies are a reflection of the urgent need for investors and borrowers to identify factors affecting creditworthiness to bridge the existing information gap. Iraq was approved for the period 2004-2017 using a model (Toda Yamamota Causility) The desire to provide information on the level of risk before lending to the government or financial and banking institutions to assess the solvency and the desire to meet debts to meet current and future financial obligations in a timely manner, and the degree of rating is not an absolute fact, but expect to the current financial situation may err and may infect, However, creditworthiness indicators remain the most important criteria for assessing the likelihood of the borrower not repaying the loan amount. The researcher concluded that the most important variable affecting the sovereign creditworthiness of Iraq is debt service, especially in the short term On the other hand, the availability of liquidity gives great flexibility to Iraq in the payment of its obligations. 

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to prioritize the factors affecting consumer-buying behavior in online social media marketing.Method: The analysis and validation of indicators were conducted using the mixed method of structural equation modeling and partial least squares. Additionally, the IPMA matrix was utilized to determine the importance and type of performance of each factor. The research data were influenced by consumer information, predominantly consisting of women with a master's degree aged between 36 and 50 years. The study employed a non-probability sampling method common for online surveys, and 466 individuals were examined using Cohen's effect size formula.Findings: The research findings indicated that consumer engagement was the most important factor, and ease of use exhibited the highest level of performance in the overall social media model. Furthermore, consumer engagement was identified as the most important factor, while electronic word-of-mouth (EWOM) demonstrated the highest performance level on Instagram. Conversely, EWOM was deemed the most important factor, with consumer engagement displaying the highest performance level on Telegram. These results can be utilized by marketers to influence consumer purchasing behavior and craft online marketing strategies accordingly.Conclusion: Companies utilizing online social media platforms are advised to enhance consumer engagement and performance by implementing short-term techniques and effective strategies, such as incorporating online chat functionalities in the user environment. Instagram, being the most widely used social media platform and an online shopping hub for consumers, showcased acceptable performance in terms of consumer engagement. Hence, companies need to take measures to elevate performance levels to match their importance. In the case of Telegram, EWOM emerged as the most crucial factor among others, with a commendable performance rating. Businesses can bolster their Customer Relationship Management (CRM) units and enhance WOM initiatives to the fullest extent possible.