درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Marine noise pollution has emerged as a critical environmental challenge in international law, posing serious threats to marine biodiversity, particularly to noise-sensitive species such as marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. The increasing industrialization of the seas, driven by activities such as commercial shipping, military sonar operations, offshore energy exploration, and deep-sea mining, has significantly intensified underwater noise pollution. This phenomenon disrupts marine life by interfering with communication, navigation, reproduction, and feeding patterns, ultimately affecting ecosystem stability. This study examines the role of international conventions in addressing marine noise pollution, with a particular focus on domestic legislation in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main research question seeks to determine how international legal frameworks regulate marine noise pollution and to what extent Iran’s national legal system aligns with these global standards. The research hypothesizes that while international conventions, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and related environmental agreements, provide general legal principles, they lack effective enforcement mechanisms. Consequently, the absence of specific, binding global regulations necessitates stronger national implementation measures. A qualitative methodology is employed, relying on doctrinal legal analysis and comparative studies to assess international legal provisions and domestic regulations. The study reviews primary legal sources, including treaties, judicial decisions, and national legislation, alongside secondary sources such as academic literature, policy reports, and expert opinions. The findings reveal that while various international instruments recognize marine noise pollution as a threat to marine biodiversity, they lack precise and binding regulations for its prevention and mitigation. UNCLOS, for instance, sets general obligations for states to prevent marine pollution but does not explicitly define marine noise as a pollutant, leading to legal ambiguities in enforcement. Similarly, agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines provide recommendations rather than legally binding measures. At the national level, Iran’s environmental legal framework incorporates general provisions for marine environmental protection. However, it does not specifically address noise pollution in marine environments, leaving a regulatory gap. Given Iran’s strategic maritime position and extensive coastline, the absence of specific noise pollution regulations poses challenges in fulfilling its international obligations. This study concludes that the mitigation of marine noise pollution requires a multifaceted approach, combining stronger international legal instruments with enhanced enforcement mechanisms and more robust domestic policies. Effective legal frameworks should incorporate mandatory noise reduction measures, stricter environmental impact assessments, and clear liability rules. Additionally, strengthening regional cooperation, fostering scientific research on noise pollution’s impact, and integrating global best practices into national legislation are essential steps. Iran, as a key maritime state, would benefit from adopting specific laws addressing marine noise pollution and aligning its domestic legal system with international environmental standards.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: One of the dual challenges in the world of organization and management is job engagement versus job burnout. Some believe that job engagement is the positive antithesis of job burnout. Job burnout is a problem in modern societies related to living in an advanced world, particularly in the modern work environment. Researchers have identified some consequences of this phenomenon as decreased motivation, dissatisfaction, and the intention to leave the job. The main objective of this research is to examine and compare the impact of job engagement and burnout (based on the Job Demands-Resources model) on the turnover intention among seafarers. Methodology: This research is applied in terms of its objective and descriptive-survey in nature. The statistical population consists of 300 employees working in maritime organizations in Mazandaran province, with a sample size of 169 selected through random sampling based on the Krejcie and Morgan table. To measure the research variables, questionnaires were used for job demands (role conflict, job conditions, and work-home interference) from Rizzo et al. (1970), Mohammadi et al. (2011), and Wagena & Geurts (2000) with 15 questions; job resources (supervisor support, self-esteem, and feedback) from HSE, Rosenberg (1965), Hackman & Oldham (1975) with 11 questions; job burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy) from Maslach (1996) with 10 questions; job engagement (vigor, dedication, and absorption) with 12 questions; and turnover intention from Cammann et al. (1979) with 3 questions. Their validity was calculated using content and face validity methods, and their reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, demographic information (descriptive statistics) was used, and for inferential analysis, correlation tests and structural equation modeling were employed. Findings and conclusion: Statistical data analysis indicates that the impact of job resources, job demands, and job engagement on job burnout are 0.81, 0.60, and 0.30 respectively; the impact of job resources on job demands and job engagement are 0.92 and 0.70 respectively; the impact of job engagement on job burnout is 0.30; and the impact of job engagement and burnout on employees' intention to leave are 0.30 and 0.72 respectively. The research results showed that job burnout and engagement affect seafarers' turnover intention. Additionally, job engagement and demands impact burnout, while job resources influence engagement. Job demands affect seafarers' burnout, and the relationship between demands and resources as well as the impact of job resources on job burnout was confirmed.

Background and Theoretical foundation: The size of the world's maritime economy (ocean goods and services) reached a record $2.2 trillion in 2023. Iran's share of this large economy is about one percent, including offshore oil and gas activities, between two and two-seven percent. With 310,000 square kilometers of maritime area and about 5,300 kilometers of coastline, which constitutes about 30 percent of the country's borders, Iran is considered a maritime country and has access to the sea from the north and south, but it ranks last in the world in terms of exploiting this God-given blessing. Methodology: This research has studied the necessities and solutions for seaborne development in the Islamic Republic of Iran and a comparative study of the situation of some Asian countries using a descriptive-analytical method. Findings:  According to statistics from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and according to statistics from the Ocean Economy, it will be a business with a population of 3 billion and a value of over $6 trillion in 2024. Therefore, Iran needs to take fundamental steps to create an ocean economy structure. Conclusion: The ocean economy is worth between $3 and $6 trillion and offers huge opportunities for developing countries to build resilience. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) says in its latest report, “Trade and Environment Review 2023,” that ocean-related businesses support the livelihoods of nearly 3 billion people. The share of the sea in the gross domestic product in the coastal countries of the European Union is 50 percent, but in Iran, despite its nearly 3,000 kilometers of coastline, this figure is only 2 percent. Therefore, Iran can institutionalize the basis for sea-based economic development by investing in its southern coasts, especially the Makran coast.