درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Dans Le Degré zéro de l'écriture, Roland Barthes se penche sur la notion d'une "écriture blanche", un style littéraire minimaliste qui aspire à se libérer des traditions et des conventions stylistiques héritées du passé. L'écriture blanche se veut neutre, transparente, dépouillée de tout artifice et des contraintes imposées par les genres littéraires. Barthes introduit les concepts clés de langue, de style et d'écriture, et examine comment ils interagissent et influencent la production littéraire. L'idée de l'écriture blanche, pour Barthes, est une tentative de rompre avec ces contraintes formelles et d'échapper aux classifications rigides des genres littéraires. Cependant, même cette écriture qui se veut neutre et dépourvue de style finit par être influencée par l'histoire et absorbée par la société. Ainsi, elle perd progressivement son caractère neutre et libre, devenant à son tour un nouveau cadre stylistique récupéré par les conventions littéraires. À travers Le Degré zéro de l'écriture, Barthes propose une réflexion profonde sur la difficulté, voire l'impossibilité, de créer une écriture totalement affranchie des contraintes historiques et sociales, tout en redéfinissant les rapports entre l'écrivain, son style, et la société.

Through a decolonial approach, this study questions the concept of postethnicity, proposed by David Hollinger, arguing that Hollinger’s vision of a rooted cosmopolitanism – a globally connected society built on shared values – is based upon narrow ‘universal’ values which solely align with Western standards. Decolonial critics like Walter D. Mignolo, in return, advocate for a ‘pluriversal’ world where multiple perspectives and voices coexist without being subsumed under a dominant Western narrative. The study uses two novels, Kazuo Ishiguro’s Klara and the Sun and Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, to illustrate this debate. It argues that Ishiguro’s novel, while exploring universal themes, is ultimately rooted in a Western ethnocentric perspective, reflecting a zero-point view where Western paradigms are presented as global patterns. On the other hand, Roy’s novel is situated in India, addressing local issues and challenging Western standards. The study concludes that Ishiguro’s approach at best leads to rewesternization – a reassertion of Western perspectives even while attempting to move beyond them, while Roy’s by integrating indigenous traditions, individual and local singularities, and global issues, contributes to the decolonization of Western paradigms advocating a pluriversal world where multiple voices are valued.

The migration of Indians to various destinations during the past few decades has led to the emergence of a group of writers known as Asian-American authors in literature. These writers, including immigrant women from India spanning the first and second generations, have crafted a substantial collection of short fiction. Jhumpa Lahiri, a Bengali-Indian writer, explores themes of identity, belonging, displacement, and the challenges of straddling different cultural attitudes in Interpreter of Maladies . This article adopts a theoretical approach and utilizes the library research method, drawing on the insights of scholars such as Stuart Hall and Michael Ryan, to explore cultural displacement, identity, and the experiences of immigrants in a new multicultural environment. The central focus is to know how Lahiri addresses displacement and immigration through trans-cultural discourses while challenging cultural diversities in Interpreter of Maladies . By employing such a trans-cultural discourse, this study aims to analyze how Lahiri portrays the complexities of cultural differences, and identity formation in the context of immigration. The narratives in Interpreter of Maladies offer a rich tapestry of characters navigating the challenges of living between cultures, shedding light on the profound impact of displacement on individuals and families. By closely examining Lahiri’s storytelling techniques and character development, this article aims to illuminate how the author captures the nuances of trans-cultural experiences and the facts that ultimately put their impact on the formation of immigrants’ new identities in unfamiliar territories.