درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The aim of the study was to assess the state of academic education in sport management in Iran. A mixed methods research approach was utilized, involving the collection of documentary data from relevant websites, followed by interviews with experts in sport management education. The participants were purposefully selected using a non-random method. The findings revealed the existence of 65 doctoral programs in sport management, with a target of attracting 266 students, as well as 261 master's programs in three tracks within sport management, aiming to draw 3554 applicants. Furthermore, there are approximately 230 faculty members in sport management. The experiences of experts highlighted a decrease in the average quality and motivation of students in sport management programs. One of the reported reasons for this was the lack of legal support in attracting specialized individuals in this field to the job market.

One of the most important structural studies is the examination of narrative techniques in the Quranic stories with the aim of showing the quality of the visual layers. To achieve this type of research, various models and methods are used. One of the interdisciplinary models is dramaturgy. Dramaturgy, as a theatrical function, seeks synergy within the text and displays actions to influence the audience and answer their potential questions; likewise, the audience's confrontational or interactive feelings with the work and structured analyses of the artistic work aim to determine the impact of the narrative and the longevity of the work. In this research, the story of Prophet Moses and Khiḍr (al-Kahf: 60ff) and a part of the story of Joseph have been studied using a descriptive-analytical method. The results show that the quality of using the dramaturgy of silence encompasses ten different and novel types, from authorial silence to causal silence. In these narrative techniques, the Quranic images do not, on their own, draw the narrative lines of the text, but rather are reflected in the domains of certain insights, concepts, and epistemological, cosmological, ethical, and aesthetic assumptions. These seemingly fragmented images are multi-referential and in their echo also include silence, making it a part of such frames. The narrative essence in the story of Khiḍr and Moses and Joseph is the mention of the meta-narrative in two realms: "First, the compositional actions and functions based on reality, and the second part, the descriptive and interpretive actions that recount the paratexts."

The present study aims to examine the ethical and jurisprudential aspects of animal rights in the context of war according to Islamic and Christian doctrines. This topic holds a significant ethical and legal position within traditions, reflecting different historical and cultural backgrounds as well as varied approaches to the issue. The primary research question is to analyze and critically compare Islamic and Christian perspectives on respecting animal rights during armed conflict, while also examining the related intellectual developments. The study aims to delineate the theoretical and practical frameworks of both religions in this field and to extract their points of convergence and divergence. The research methodology is based on a content analysis of sacred texts, jurisprudential and theological literature, and a descriptive-analytical review of the viewpoints of prominent thinkers from both religious schools. The findings indicate that within Islam, the killing and abuse of animals during war are strictly limited and only permitted in cases of necessity, with adherence to ethical principles. These teachings have demonstrated remarkable stability and continuity from the inception of Islam to the present. In contrast, Christian teachings have historically legitimized and, at times, mandated the killing of animals during wartime. Until the late twentieth century, the dominant Christian stance was not strongly protective of animal rights. However, contemporary philosophical and cultural transformations within Christianity have led to a fundamental reassessment and orientation towards the preservation and protection of animal rights in armed conflict. This study demonstrates that while Islam maintains a consistent theoretical and practical position, Christianity has undergone a significant historical evolution in its attitude towards animal rights during wartime.