درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Consumer law is an innovative branch of law that began to develop in the second half of the 20th century. The creation and evolution of consumer law show the result of the political desire to develop and promote the rights and interests of consumers as the main players in the market. Therefore, the study aimed to identify and analyze the factors affecting the protection of Iranian sports products' consumer law. The research approach was qualitative with a grounded theory method. 13 experts including sports law and marketing experts, retailers, wholesalers, importers of sports goods, and manufacturers of sports goods and equipment, were chosen purposefully as participants. The sampling continued until data saturation. In addition to the interviews, 12 articles, 1 thesis, and 2 books were used to collect data. After data analysis, 59 initial codes, 9 subcategories, and 3 main categories (basic consumer rights, consumer's personal beliefs, and underlying elements of consumer protection) were identified. In general, the government's support and the supervision of the legal and regulatory institutions on the performance of manufacturers, suppliers, and sellers of Iranian sports products had a significant impact on the protection of the consumer law. Iranian consumers support Iranian sports products when they know that their rights are fully respected, and then they will buy and use Iranian sports products with more confidence.

The obligatory prevalence of online education during the COVID-19 pandemic has drawn researchers’ attention to the challenges involved in foreign language pedagogy in such virtual educational contexts. Against this backdrop, this study investigated the impact of online self-regulated learning, use of communication strategies, and test anxiety on Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ online speaking test performance. For this purpose, 132 EFL learners were given the e-Oxford Quick Placement Test and the speaking part of a sample A2 Key and B1 Preliminary test. Next, translated versions of the given measures were administered to the pre- and intermediate EFL learners and the obtained data were subjected to Structural Equation Modeling analyses that verified strong links between online self-regulated learning and the use of communication strategies, test anxiety and online self-regulated learning, and test anxiety and EFL learners’ use of communication strategies. Furthermore, the direct impacts of online self-regulated learning and use of communication strategies on learners’ online speaking test performance were verified; however, test anxiety was found to indirectly impact the learners’ online speaking test performance through its negative effect on EFL learners’ online self-regulated learning and use of communication strategies. In addition, online self-regulated learning turned out to be the strongest predictor of the learners’ online speaking test performance. As for the implications of the findings, it appeared that the attested model lends support to Bachman and Palmer’s (1996) language use framework illustrating test performance as a vulnerable construct affected by test takers' attributes and features of the test tasks and the impact of construct-irrelevant factors like test takers’ personal characteristics on their test performance.

Le persan et le français appartiennent à la famille linguistique indo-européenne. Ces deux langues relèvent bien entendu de branches différentes, le français est classé dans la branche indo-européenne, comprenant les langues romanes et persanes. Dans toutes les langues, les gens utilisent des proverbes dans leur communication quotidienne. Cela fait partie intégrante de la communication. Généralement, la comparaison des différences et des ressemblances entre les langues occupe un rôle primordial dans la linguistique moderne. Le présent travail étudie les schémas-images dans les proverbes français et persan dans le cadre de l’expression des sentiments et des émotions. Notre problématique peut être résumée sous la forme de la question suivante : Quels schémas-images sont utilisés pour exprimer des sentiments et des émotions dans les proverbes français et persans ? Et lesquels sont les plus courants ? Ce qui est au centre de cette recherche est donc de savoir comment les deux langues expriment des sentiments sous formes des schémas-images. L’analyse des résultats prouve que dans les proverbes des deux langues dans le domaine des émotions et des sentiments, différents types de schémas sont utilisés, et la fréquence la plus élevée est liée aux schémas de force et de mouvement.

L'enseignement du FLE en Iran est confronté à de nombreux obstacles, surtout quand il s’agit de l’écrit. Ces obstacles comprennent la motivation, la créativité ainsi que la difficulté à maîtriser les aspects linguistiques et discursifs de l'écriture en français . Une solution potentielle pour surmonter ces défis pourrait résider dans l'utilisation de supports pédagogiques innovants, tels que la bande dessinée, dont le présent article cherche à évaluer l'impact sur le développement de la compétence en expression écrite chez les adolescents apprenant le FLE en Iran.Pour ce faire, notre étude s'appuie sur un cadre théorique qui articule les notions de compétence de l'expression écrite, de bande dessinée et de didactique du FLE. Elle met en œuvre une méthodologie de recherche qualitative, basée sur une étude de cas menée dans une classe de niveau A2 du FLE en Iran. En conclusion, cette étude démontre que l'intégration des bandes dessinées dans l'enseignement du FLE pour les adolescents en Iran peut avoir des implications pédagogiques profondes et positives. Ces implications touchent divers aspects, de la stimulation de la créativité à la facilitation de l'apprentissage grammatical, en passant par l'encouragement à la lecture et à l'écriture. Les enseignants devraient utiliser ces supports avec d'autres méthodes et ressources.

Objective : The construction industry has been increasingly criticized for its poor sustainability performance in recent decades, creating a chance for the sector to play a key role in global sustainability efforts. Rapid technological advancements and increasing construction project complexities have driven the need for flexible, sustainability-focused project management frameworks. This study introduces a fuzzy inference system designed to evaluate construction project sustainability, built on insights from extensive literature and expert input. Methods : To design the proposed model, the system inputs—criteria for evaluating the sustainability level of construction projects at various layers—were first identified. Next, the necessary if-then rules were developed based on expert opinions. The system output was determined in alignment with the research’s final objective. By offering a comprehensive assessment of construction project sustainability, the model enables organizations to identify their strengths and weaknesses, assess their current position, and make informed decisions to enhance their sustainable performance.  Results : The output of the research includes a detailed analysis of the sustainability performance of construction projects. The designed model, along with its measurement tools, provides an opportunity for leaders and managers in the construction industry who are concerned about sustainability to gradually enhance their sustainability status and advance the sustainability level of projects. This model consists of three subsystems named the Direction, Execution, and Results subsystems. The aforementioned subsystems are the result of a literature review and are considered inputs to the final level of the model. Conclusion : The designed model serves as a tool to identify and implement improvement methods and potential areas for project advancement from a sustainability perspective. By utilizing this model, the quality of project execution in line with sustainability indicators, while addressing all three dimensions—economic, social, and environmental—improves continuously and proportionately.

As a driver of national development, the construction industry has in recent decades gained substantial environmental importance due to its extent and effects on life, business, and the environment. Due to its economic, social, and environmental impacts, the construction industry has been discussed extensively in the sustainable development literature, contributing to development of Green Building Rating Systems (GBRSs) worldwide. This study introduces some of the most popular GBRSs and employs a Multi- Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach to investigate the evaluation indices of GBRSs. GBRS indices were obtained through a comprehensive literature review. To validate the identified indices, 400 questionnaires were handed out to respondents, with 260 completed questionnaires being returned. The responses were statistically analyzed, identifying twenty important indices, which were modeled using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) and categorized using MICMAC analysis. The ISM model showed that the barriers arising from unique characteristics of a region were the main GBRS factor in Iran.

Exploratory studies in understanding the impact of decisions on the sustainability of small and medium businesses during the corona disease crisis in line with the research objectives and based on the non-linear and dynamic conditions caused by the high speed of prevailing environmental changes compared to the development of a dynamic model of the decision making. These businesses, on the one hand, are fragile against crises due to their limited financial ability, and on the other hand, with high flexibility and quick decision-making power, they have the ability to adapt to the existing conditions. In order to create this model, it is necessary to identify the problem, and in order to answer the research questions therefor it is necessary to develop a theory based on the opinions of experts and available data. This theory is due to the special conditions and the lack of previous experience result of the Grounded Theory’s methodology, that it should indicate all the effective factors in the field of decision-making in these businesses in Iran and the causal relationships between them and affected by the existing background conditions and it is an environmental interferes. background factors and identifying the impact of environmental interferes on the decision-making process in SME under the conditions of the Corona crisis. This theory states that the decision-making process for the sustainability of the business should be based on strategies. These strategies include creating opportunities, applying a new attitude in the continuation of business life, changing in business processes, creating organization agility, and re-engineering the structure . Considering the mathematical ability of the dynamic method to analyze the results of the dynamic model as scenarios that are applied to the business in the form of decisions made and by controlling their feedback, its effects on the organization's pillars and resources can be shown as quantities. The measurement of these quantities and the way of changes and their impact enables the quantitative proof of the mentioned theory. By this method the managers will have the ability to evaluate and prospect their decision results in the conditions of the Corona crisis.