درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disorder associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. It is often characterized by elevated liver enzymes, such as AST, ALT, and ALP, which are biomarkers of liver injury. Exercise, particularly high-intensity interval training (HIIT), has been shown to improve liver function by reducing these enzyme levels. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 6-week HIIT protocol on liver enzyme levels (AST, ALT, and ALP) in obese individuals with NAFLD. Method: This quasi-experimental study involved 20 obese participants diagnosed with NAFLD. They were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=10) and a control group (n=10). The experimental group participated in a HIIT protocol for 6 weeks, while the control group maintained their usual lifestyle. Blood samples were taken before and after the intervention to measure serum AST, ALT, and ALP levels. Data analysis was conducted using paired t-tests and independent t-tests to compare pre- and post-intervention values within and between groups, respectively. Results: The experimental group showed a significant reduction in AST (p = 0.01), ALT (p = 0.03), and ALP (p = 0.04) after the intervention. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the control group for any of the enzymes (p > 0.05). Between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in enzyme levels post-intervention (p = 0.03 for AST, p = 0.04 for ALT, and p = 0.05 for ALP). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that HIIT may be an effective non-pharmacological intervention for improving liver function in obese individuals with NAFLD. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm the long-term effects of exercise on liver enzymes in this population.

Purpose: The aim of this research is to compare the effects of three training methods — plyometric, weighted, and barbell (Turkish) training — on the anaerobic capacity of high school male volleyball players. A total of 48 subjects, aged 23 ± 5 years, were selected purposefully and randomly divided into four groups of 12 participants each. Method: The height and weight of the participants were recorded, and their anaerobic capacity was measured using the Lewis formula based on the vertical jump test during the pre-test. The three experimental groups performed weight training, plyometric exercises, and plyometric exercises combined with weights, respectively. The fourth group followed a standard volleyball training regimen. The training period lasted eight weeks, with three training sessions per week. After the eight weeks, a post-test was conducted to measure the effects of the different training methods on the participants' anaerobic capacity. Results: The results of this study showed: Eight weeks of weight training significantly improved the anaerobic capacity of the volleyball players eight weeks of plyometric training significantly improved the anaerobic capacity of the volleyball players. Eight weeks of barbell (Turkish) training significantly improved the anaerobic capacity of the volleyball players.There was no significant difference between the effects of the three training methods on anaerobic capacity. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that weight training, plyometric training, and barbell training are all effective in increasing the anaerobic capacity of volleyball players. Given the available time, number of athletes, and resources, any of these training methods can be selected to improve the anaerobic power of athletes. Coaches may choose the most appropriate method depending on the specific needs of their athletes and the resources available.

Aging is influenced by a wide range of biological processes, with increasing attention focused on physical exercise as an effective, non-pharmacological intervention to support healthy aging and extend lifespan. This review examines how exercise influences aging mechanisms by activating Forkhead Box O (FOXO) proteins—especially FOXO3, a critical regulator of oxidative stress resistance, metabolism, and cellular repair. By integrating evidence from both animal models and human studies, we explore how different types of physical activity, including endurance and resistance training, enhance FOXO signaling pathways that govern mitochondrial health, autophagy, and inflammation control. FOXO activation appears to play a central role in mitigating age-related diseases such as sarcopenia, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While preclinical studies consistently demonstrate these protective effects, human data are more variable, highlighting the influence of age, sex, and intervention type. Understanding the molecular connection between exercise and FOXO activity can help develop targeted exercise recommendations to promote longevity and delay age-associated functional decline.