احمد فصیحی

Purpose: Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease of the skeletal system and the main cause of fractures and death in elderly people, especially postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on some serum and metabolic markers of bone mass in postmenopausal women. Methods: 24 inactive postmenopausal women with an age range of 46-58 years participated in this study. Subjects were assigned to resistance training and control groups. Before and after the training period, weight, body mass index, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, serum phosphorus and bone density of lumbar vertebrae were measured (by Dexa method). The training protocol consisted of upper and lower body resistance training in 3 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26 and independent t and paired t statistical tests. Results: The results of this research showed that the experimental group had a significant increase in the amount of alkaline phosphatase (p=0.041), serum calcium (p=0.035) and bone density of the lumbar vertebrae (p=0.11) and a significant decrease in weight compared to the control group. (p=0.035, and body mass index p=0.021). The results also showed no significant change in the amount of serum phosphorus (p=0.071). Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, in order to maintain or prevent the decrease in bone density of postmenopausal women, resistance exercises can be recommended.

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic problem worldwide, which is associated with hyperglycemia and structural and functional disorders of the nervous system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on serum glucose levels, weight changes and Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) protein expression in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Method: For this study, the samples included 48 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old), which were divided into 4 groups: control (C), the diabetes control (DC), diabetes-training (DT) and exercise (T). In order to induce diabetes, streptozotocin injection was used. 5 sessions per week of endurance activity were performed for 6 weeks. 48 hours after the completion of the exercise program, hippocampal tissue was dissected and extracted. ELISA method and one-way variance test were used to analyze the data. Resalts: Based on the results, serum glucose levels decreased after six weeks of endurance training (p=0.001). The amount of IGF-1 in group DC was significantly lower compared to all groups DT, T, and C (P≤0.05). But the DT group had no significant difference with the C and T groups (P=0.210 and P=0.226, respectively). On the other hand, the amount of IGF-1 in group T was only significantly different from group D (P=0.001). The correlation between blood glucose and IGF-1 was significant (p=0.001, r=0.820). Conclusion: Diabetes reduces IGF-1 and hyperglycemia, but exercise moderates the effect of diabetes on IGF-1. Considering the appropriate duration of training and the correlation of this protein with blood glucose, maybe endurance training can reduce the negative effect of diabetes.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of aerobic, resistance and combination training on serum levels of irizin, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and some cardiovascular risk factors in inactive overweight men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 32 inactive overweight men participated voluntarily and were randomly divided into 4 groups: aerobic training, resistance training, combination training and control. Serum levels of irizin, AIP and lipid profile of subjects were measured before and after eight weeks of exercise. Results : After eight weeks of exercise intervention, irizin levels increased significantly in all three experimental groups (P <0.05). Also, AIP decreased significantly in all three training groups (P <0.05). On the other hand, in examining the differences between groups, a significant difference was observed between the groups in AIP and irisin (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of exercise training can possibly cause favorable changes in plasma irisin and biochemical parameters of the blood in overweight people. Also, combined training seems to have more favorable effects than other training methods.

Purpose: The aim of this study was compares the effects of 10 weeks High Intensity Interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity aerobic training (MIAT) on serum levels of homocysteine and some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight inactive men. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, nineteen overweight men voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided to 2 Groups: High Intensity Interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity aerobic training (MIAT). Subjects performed training programs for 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The levels of homocysteine and lipid profile were measured before and after 10 weeks of training programs. For statistical data analysis, independent and paired t tests were used and considered significant at a p≤0.05.   Results: The results of this study showed that both High Intensity Interval training and moderate intensity aerobic training caused a significant reduction of homocysteine levels (P≤0.05). After 10 weeks of high -intensity periodic exercise, cholesterol levels (p = 0.001), LDL (p = 0.002) decreased significantly and HDL levels were significantly increased (p = 0.001), In MIAT training group, only a significant reduction in cholesterol was found (P=0.006). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that both High Intensity Interval training and moderate intensity aerobic training have favorable effects in reducing body weight and some cardiovascular risk factors.