درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Recreation and entertainment are among the major objectives and intentions of tourism. The reasons put forward by tourists include escaping quotidian life and social interactions. Relying on the Muslim mystics’ view of the real nature of human being, this article offers an analysis of escaping quotidian life and environment in the discovery of real identity and studies the role of traveling in this regard. This analysis showed that from the Muslim mystics’ viewpoint, the real nature of humans is impoverishment and desperate need for a raison d’etre. Meantime, social interactions and affiliation with minor and major social groups overshadow such identity and create obstacles in the way of self-awareness. That explains why the disciples of Islamic Sufism were recommended retreatment. Even today, traveling and tourism provide such an opportunity for humans to distance themselves from the social groups and classes they belong to for some time and gain spiritual experience through a more precise perception of their own reality

While categorization of human beings into various subgroups in terms of their race, ethnicity, gender, religion, nationality and alike is not a new phenomenon but such a diversity in communities all around the world has drawn much attention to the issue in recent years due to the increasing importance of equality for governments and societies. Workplaces are among those contexts which are proposed to equality issues and are trying to deal with it utilizing different approaches among which creating spirituality in workplace is a noteworthy one. Tourism businesses are not an exception in this regard and are faced with the diversity challenge especially in terms of interaction between different cultures throughout the industry. Additionally, it seems that organizational outcome is influenced by level of diversity at the workplace. Therefore, this paper adopts a developmental descriptive-analytical approach implemented by documentary analysis to discuss the relationship between diversity management and organizational outcome and provides a theoretical model indicating how workplace spirituality (WPS) mediates the relationship between cultural diversity management and organizational outcome in tourism businesses since cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature and can be a source of competitive advantage for businesses as well.

The goal of this study is to examine the antecedents of brand citizenship behavior in financial institutions by considering the internal relationship between them. The research method is descriptive and applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection method is field. The data collection tool in this study was a questionnaire. In this study, the statistical population was the employees of private and public banks and financial institutions in Bandar Abbas. The sampling method was cluster-random. After placing the banks in the three clusters of state-owned banks, private banks and financial and credit institutions, Sepah, Sanat and Ma'dan banks were randomly selected from among the state-owned banks. Ansar Cooperative, Ayandeh, Shahr, Refah and Mehr Eghtesad Banks were randomly selected from among private banks and Noor and Caspian Financial and Credit Institutions were also randomly selected from among financial and credit institutions. A total of 213 questionnaires were distributed among the customers of selected banks as convenient, and finally 203 questionnaires could be reviewed. Data analysis was performed by SPSS16 and PLS3-SMART software. The results show that brand-centered human resource management and brand identification have a positive and significant effect on brand citizenship behavior, but a positive relationship between brand trust, brand commitment, employees' self-concept of brand and brand pride with brand citizenship behavior was not found. Also, a positive relationship between brand-centered human resource management and employees' self-concept of brand, employees' self-concept of brand and brand pride, employees' self-concept of brand and brand identification, brand identification and brand pride, brand identification and brand commitment, and brand trust and brand commitment were confirmed.

Today, we confront forces bringing spiritual and ethical values into business which have together has a meaningful concept for each business. Nowadays, the growing attention to ethical issues in workplaces has caused the organizations tend to set ethical codes. However, the results of recent studies show that the ethical organizations will obtain more benefits over a long period and will gain better financial and non-financial performance. So this issue has caused the ethical values of organization be an important part of the organization’s culture. Beside this, ethical issues have always been a noteworthy topic in tourism concepts. Therefore, the present research has examined the effect of ethical values and empathy on nonfinancial performance of tour operators in Tehran through the organizational commitment. The statistical population is composed of employees of tour operators and data were collected by the standard questionnaires. Results show that ethical values and empathy in workplace have a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment and following that non-financial performance of organization.