مطالب

Purpose: Considering the role and importance of professional ethics in all organizations, including educational organizations, the purpose of this study was designing a pattern of extra-organizational professional ethics of deputies and heads of education districts. Methodology: The present study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was combined (qualitative and quantitative). The research population in both qualitative and quantitative sections were deputies and heads of education districts of Tehran city in 2018-19 academic years, which The sample size in the qualitative section according to the principle of theoretical saturation was estimated 20 people who were selected by purposive sampling method and the sample size in the quantitative section according to Cochran's formula was estimated 113 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. The research instruments were semi-structured interview and researcher-made questionnaire whose psychometric properties were confirmed. Data were analyzed by methods of coding and exploratory factor analysis. Findings: The results of the qualitative section showed that extra-organizational professional ethics included 71 indicators in 14 categories of professional, ethical or normative, ethical knowledge, organizational strategies, education, managerial factors, resources, institutionalization, evaluation, staff, organizational culture, structure factors, organizational procedures or regulations and development of individual and organizational professional ethics. Also, the results of the quantitative section showed that extra-organizational professional ethics included 40 items in 9 factors of self-efficacy, scientific responsibility, individual ethics, managerial factors, organizational factors, job ethics, extra-organizational factors, social responsibility and belonging to scientific social, which two factors of self-efficacy and belonging to scientific social were removed from the pattern due to a factor load of less than 0.40. Finally, the pattern of extra-organizational professional ethics of deputies and heads of education districts was designed. Conclusion: According to the designed pattern of extra-organizational professional ethics of the deputies and heads of education districts, to promote the extra-organizational professional ethics in them can be improved the identified categories.

Saudi Arabia expresses fears from Iran that are in some cases genuine and in other cases insincere. To see whether or not Saudis are sincere in their fear expressions from Iran, an analytical tool is developed in this paper linking securitization theory to theories of truth-verification. Analyzing Mohammad bin Salman’s interview about Iran with Jeffrey Goldberg from the Atlantic using the indicators extracted from context-oriented theories of deception-detection, this paper demonstrated that the assertions the Saudi Crown Prince made about Iran reflect both true apprehensions and unfounded misrepresentations, with the balance in favor of the latter. This study demonstrated that context-oriented truth verification theories of social sciences are useful in foreign policy studies to distinguish states’ securitizing moves from their sincere fear expressions. The methodology of this article is based on a descriptive-explanatory approach that seeks to shed light on how Saudi leaders try to securitize Iran's identity in the region.

Publié en 2015, chez Albin Michel, La Nuit de feu est un roman d’Éric-Emanuel Schmitt, un auteur français, qui raconte un départ vers des lieux désertiques, en Afrique, qui se transforme progressivement en une tentative d’introspection jusqu’à l’instant d’une révélation divine. Le personnage principal, Éric, tente une aventure spirituelle, constituée des phases : la préparation, la mort symbolique et la renaissance. Ce processus est en lien avec les quatre éléments de la nature : l’air, l’eau, la terre et le feu, qui assureront une fonction purificatrice et régénératrice. Les images symboliques et mythiques, riches de significations, abondent implicitement dans ce récit. L’objectif de notre recherche consiste à étudier la transformation d’un voyage ordinaire à un voyage spirituel, le passage du monde terrestre au monde céleste, ainsi qu’à expliquer le sens caché des images qui s’enchaînent implicitement dans le récit. L’utilisation des théories de Mircea Elide, de Simone Vierne, de Gaston Bachelard et de Rudolf Otto nous permettront de les mettre en lumière. Nous constatons là une manifestation de l’art de Schmitt qui réussit à transformer son vécu, en un récit littéraire, poétique. Au terme de notre recherche, nous avons constaté que ce parcours permet à Éric de découvrir des univers inconnus et le fait accéder à une vision différente du monde qui va changer définitivement sa vie. Le désert, à la fois menaçant et prévenant, contribue à des explorations successives, celles de soi et de la transcendance.