مطالب

Background: Grief is a natural and universal response to the loss of a loved one. The grief experience is not a state but a process. Most individuals recover adequately within a year after the loss; however, when individuals experience an extension of the standard grieving process, they are said to be experiencing prolonged grief disorder, thought to result from failure to transition from acute to integrated grief. Therefore, validating tools related to grief in different cultures can provide the ground for measuring its concept by the culture to understand the cultural differences of this structure. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties, reliability, and validity of PG-13-R. Methods: Data were collected from two independent samples of 285 (exploratory factor analysis) and 241 (confirmatory factor analysis) mourning adults to determine whether the findings explored in one sample can be verified in another. Face and content validity were measured quantitatively and qualitatively. Concurrent validity was measured using correlation coefficient calculation with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS.27 and AMOS.26 software. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using principal components and the Varimax method. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using AMOS.26 software. Results: The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the two-factor structure with emergent distress, detachment, and meaninglessness factors. These factors had acceptable internal consistency. PG-13-R factors had good convergence validity with depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bereavement experience (P< 0.05). Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) was 0.78 for Distress and 0.79 for Detachment and Meaning factor, and 0.87 for the whole scale, indicating good internal consistency Conclusion: PG-13-R is a useful and reliable tool for measuring PGD symptoms in the Iranian population. It is suggested that future studies examine this scale in people who have been bereaved for various reasons, including (death by suicide, sudden death, and death by accident).

Purpose: The customers’ behavior is influenced by their mental image of the Banks. Information resources are one of the factors that shape this mental image. Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) is considered a powerful advertising tool and an important and influential resource of information on the attitudes and behavior of customers. The aim of the present research is to investigate the position of eWOM among the advertising strategies that shape the mental image of customers at Bank Day branches in the western part of the country. Method: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. It is also a field survey in terms of data collection. The background of the research was compiled through library resources and web browsing. Then, 8 options and 9 criteria were identified, and a decision matrix questionnaire was designed. Therefore, the researcher’s decision matrix was used to collect data, and its content validity was confirmed by professors. The statistical population of this research consisted of all experts working at Bank Day Gharb branches in the country. In this study, 23 experts were selected using purposive and snowball sampling. Findings: Data analysis was performed using Taxonomy software. The results showed that the eWOM advertising strategy ranked third among the advertising strategies, following television advertising and internet advertising, in shaping the customer's mental image. Conclusion: Based on the research findings, the electronic recommendation advertising strategy is considered an important advertising strategy in shaping the mental image of Bank Day customers. There is a need for skilled managers to design appropriate websites and social networks and provide the necessary preparations for its development.