درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Deviation of the ship from the contractual or custom route during sea transportation affects not only the contract parties, but also the rights of third parties, and one of the most important parties is the bill of lading holder. The necessity of supporting the bill of lading holder rights and the legal solutions in Iranian and Britain legal systems are analyzed in this article. In Britain's legal system, the social welfare theory is one of the mechanisms designed for the various models to support the person's rights. Under the mentioned principle the bill of lading holder has the right to invoke the contents of the maritime transport contract, and under Iran's legal system, due to Article 12 in The Civil Liability Act 1960 along with the provisions contained in The Revised Sea Act 2011, joint and several liability for the third parties has been recognized. In this article, the effect of deviation on the bill of lading holder rights is analyzed with descriptive-analytical methods and library sources.

Military diplomacy, as the art of diplomatic interactions and military cooperation, has now become one of the main options of foreign policy in advancing India's macro strategies, especially in the regional arena. India is the fourth military power in the world and has one of the most powerful naval forces, which provides numerous capacities for exporting products, providing services, and military-technical support for this country. The use of military diplomacy is primarily due to the legacy of this country's old doctrines of non-violence, which seems to have been strengthened by the post-colonial atmosphere experienced in the 20th century and the support of third-world countries. The next reason is China's active diplomacy as a serious and strategic competitor in South Asian countries, which has also led to the growth of the neighborhood policy in India. On the other hand, the countries surrounding India - except Pakistan - are often small powers that can be influenced by this country's influence due to some cultural commonalities and the need for India to provide security, defense, technical things, etc. The main question of the research is, according to India's peaceful approach in the international arena, "What effect has the use of military diplomacy by India had on the regional policies of this country?" The main hypothesis of the research, which is based on the study of library and electronic documents such as articles, books, defense reports, statistical databases, and descriptive-analytical methods, indicates that The use of military diplomacy has led to the increase of soft power, reduction of tension and crisis, profitability, credibility and increase of its regional presence.

The study refers to the competence given to commercial courts in Poland to be guided by “humanitarian reasons” in matters regarding the debt relief for insolvent natural persons. Humanitarian reasons allow the omission of general legal standards. The general clause "humanitarian reasons" can be clarified by referring– inter alia– to the Judeo-Christian traditional concept of debt relief and philosophy. However, Poland is a secular state. In Mosaic law, the debt relief was systemic in nature due to the construction of the sabbath and jubilee years. In Christian ethics, human dignity, forgiveness and mercy have an important place. The influence of Judeo-Christian tradition in Poland on the concept of humanitarianism is a fact. Irrespective of the personal beliefs of the body applying the law and the specific addressee of the court ruling, Judeo-Christian tradition allows for the formulation of directives as to the judicial interpretation of the term "humanitarian” in a secular state.