درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background and Theoretical Basis: In today's world, due to the relatively complex procedures of judicial proceedings in national and international courts, the use of arbitration for the resolution of disputes is expanding. International maritime arbitration has a special place because more than 90 percent of goods and maritime trade is carried out by sea and ships, and this type of arbitration has been identified as a special category of arbitration in the guidelines of the International Bar Association (IBA). Relatively few law firms specialize in maritime arbitration and there is a need to pay attention to the resolution of disputes between shipping companies at the national and international levels, given the high volume of international trade. Methods: In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, the identification of the parties and the entry of a third party into the arbitration of maritime disputes were studied and analyzed. This article aims to analyze and discuss the approaches adopted by arbitral tribunals and courts regarding the legal status of non-signatory parties in the context of the two main centers of maritime arbitration: London and New York.   Findings and Conclusion: As a matter of principle, only parties who have executed an arbitration agreement will be bound by it. However, there are exceptions where parties may be allowed to refer to or be forced to arbitrate even though they have not signed an arbitration agreement.  In the maritime industry, the issue of determining whether an arbitration clause is binding on third parties is critical. The structure of this section is susceptible to disputes involving non-signatories. Usually, maritime contracts are concluded by third parties in the framework of agency relationships, and contracts are assigned. Also, whether bills of lading can bind the holder to the charter party's arbitration clause is often disputed. The complexity of today's maritime trade has resulted in operators such as ship-owners, charterers, and cargo owners often operating in a corporate group structure where affiliates in specific business areas are interrelated and sometimes operate as an organization. "Front" for other companies.

The outbreak of Covid-19 in 2019 raised significant concerns about the transmission of the virus, especially regarding zoonotic diseases. As the third common virus transmitted between humans and animals after SARS and MERS, the perception of Covid-19 as a foodborne illness intensified discussions surrounding food safety and security. This article aims to explore the commitment of states to ensure safe food supply chains. Food safety practices are essential for preventing disease, and the right to food is enshrined in various human rights documents. Although food supply has not been the subject of a specific legal framework, international organizations and conferences have recognized the necessity of regulating food production and distribution methods to ensure that populations have access to adequate and nutritious food, thereby promoting overall health and well-being.

In the case of “Iran’s Foreign Military Sales” (Case B-1), which encompasses six claims and a counterclaim, proceedings have continued for over four decades. A focal point in the process of filing numerous applications and the rulings issued in this case has consistently been the issue of evidence and the burden of proof. This qualitative research aims to address the fundamental question of the approaches taken by the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal  regarding evidence and the burden of proof, as well as the implications of these approaches on the adjudication of Case B-1. The findings indicate that the Tribunal, in each case, has adhered not only to general legal principles - such as ‘actori incumbit onus probandi’ -but also to the unique circumstances and specific conditions of each case, such as the accessibility of evidence, in determining the allocation of the burden of proof. As the parties strive to substantiate the credibility of their evidence before the Tribunal using general principles of international law, which are potentially recognized as applicable law by the Tribunal, they also seek to undermine the credibility of the opposing party’s evidence through various arguments. It is essential for Iran to enhance its precision in referencing the submitted documents and to clarify the technical dimensions, as well as to ensure compliance with the Tribunal’s standards in future rulings, in order to achieve its objectives in other ongoing cases.

single window; It is a system that provides the parties involved in trade and transportation with the possibility of exchanging standard information to meet the legal needs of export, import, and transit. From the expansion of the conceptual space of the subject, it will examine customs issues and the single window and their impact on citizen rights. According to the subject documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information in this research is library. The main question of the article is: How can the establishment of a comprehensive customs system and cross-border trade window be effective in the development and promotion of citizenship rights in Iran and Malaysia? In response to this question, we can state our hypothesis as follows: "Establishment of a comprehensive customs system and cross-border trade unit window through the protection of intellectual property, privacy and increasing the communication of interested parties in the export and import process can lead to development. citizen's rights and have an effective role in reducing corruption" The conclusion of this article is that in the implementation of the trade facilitation agreement and the creation of a single window; It will be possible for economic operators to provide the necessary information in specific forms to a single unit with system automation and receive all permits and legal issues related to their activities from the same point. Therefore, this will be a positive measure to ease things, increase transparency, and reduce systemic corruption.