درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study investigated cross-cultural differences in the privacy regulation and perception of crowding among two Iranian sub-cultures (Kurdish and Northern women).The primary purpose of this study was to exامینe whether Northern and Kurdish women differed in their desired and achieved levels of privacy in parks. The second purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the desired and the achieved levels of privacy and the experience of crowding. The final purpose was to describe the cultural differences in the experience of crowding between Northern and Kurdish women. The research methodology was designed on interview and questionnaire. A random size of 600 Kurdish and Northern women was selected in Sanandaj and Rasht cities. Moreover, to exامینe the survey Chi-Square Test, Independent Sample Test and Analysis of variance were conducted. The results show that Kurdish women desired more privacy in public spaces than Northern women. Regardless of culture, women’s desired and achieved privacy levels have associations with the level of perceived crowding in public spaces. These findings assist environmental designers to present strategies for achieving privacy in relation to Iranian sub-cultures.

The writing of Iranian architectural history has, from its start, followed the principles of western historiography. Portions of this history are well expected to be neglected or unattended when writing of it takes place outside its intellectual framework that essentially reflects the Iranian throught world. To have a truly Iranian architectural historiography, one has to find the theoretical principles which are deeply rooted in the Iranian Islamic culture. Although pre-modern Iranian historians never wrote a history of architecture, they were exponents of historiography during a millennium of cultural flourishing and vigor. Since any sort of historiography, as well as literature, usually is based on principles and ideological views about history and time, Persian historic texts can be considered as worthy sources regarding theoretical bases on which we can build the Iranian philosophy of architectural history. Persian prose of the early centuries of Islam is among these sources. One of the common, prominent themes in these texts is the nature of time or history. It is presented as a sensible, living being whose states relate to human events and phenomena across time. A new theory of periodization of Iranian architectural history can be drawn based upon this theory.

In recent years, the issue of energy consumption modeling techniques in the building sector has been widely considered by researchers and managers. Researches indicate that energy consumption in residential sector is one of the main parts of the total consumption. Moreover, the urban residence is supposed as a significant consumer of energy in every country and therefore a focus for energy consumption efforts. For over increasing building energy consumption there can be some causes including : climate change, increase in household electricity load, fast-growing household electrical appliances, huge energy consumption of the buildings, and the lack of strict government supervision. Recently the issue of assigning different prices to different time-periods of energy consumption has been taken into consideration for energy prices of consumers’ bills. Therefore, in this paper a model for multi-prices and multi-periods single-type energy consumption in urban residential sector is presented; also an efficient heuristic method is provided for solving the mentioned model.

Identity, a series of traits and characteristics that makes a person or a member of the community come to a kind of “ recognition” about individuals and other communities; The city also, following the example of this criterion gains character and gets independent. Identity in the city, through the creation and association with “public memories” of citizens causes the sense of interest and dependence which leads the inhabitants of the city toward becoming a citizen, which is a more active level of being just inhabitants. Although the identity is the effect of the culture of its citizens, it affects the process of becoming a citizen and can cause the formulation of criteria related to the participation and judging of observers and residents. Urban identity is a reflection of all the local people’s traditions, culture and aspirations grouped together. It reflects their needs, successes, failures and future. Constricted, the city is understood and interpreted through the technical rather than the sensory, yet it is the sensory from which people build their feeling and emotion. Sensuous requirements may coincide or conflict with other demands but cannot be separated from them in designing or judging urban spaces. The static physical setting, activities and meaning constituted three basic elements of urban identity places. Since place identity is a sub-structure of the self-identity of person consisting of broadly conceived cognitions about the world in which the individual lives. These cognitions represent memories, ideas, values, meanings and conceptions of behavior and experience. This study investigates and compares basic elements of urban identity in Zanjan city entrances with using Analytical Hierarchy Process Method and the proposed recommendations for the increase identity.