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Effective supply chain management (SCM) enhances organizational performance by optimizing resource allocation, reducing costs, and increasing customer satisfaction through streamlined operations and cross-functional collaboration. This leads to improved inventory management, higher service levels, and a competitive edge. Sales and operations planning (S&OP) plays a vital role in aligning demand forecasts with supply capabilities, fostering visibility and proactive decision-making. This minimizes inventory costs and improves responsiveness to market changes, supporting strategic goals and long-term success. Despite its importance, a gap remains in systematic literature reviews that categorize trends and challenges in S&OP. Addressing this gap aids supply chain managers in identifying and understanding current challenges and trends, facilitating informed decision-making. This study conducted a comprehensive systematic literature review, examining 295 studies and selecting 66 relevant articles published between 2012 and 2023 using screening methods coupled with TOPSIS and ANP techniques. The results reveal that most studies focus on optimization models for S&OP, employing optimization techniques, simulation, heuristic methods, artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistical approaches, and qualitative models. The research identified key S&OP planning issues and various models for addressing them. It also highlights emerging trends, such as the increasing use of machine learning and artificial intelligence to improve demand forecasting and decision support systems. Additionally, the growing focus on sustainability in supply chains, including reducing carbon emissions and minimizing waste, is being integrated into S&OP models. However, challenges persist, including dependence on accurate and reliable data, data quality issues, and organizational resistance to change. The complexity of S&OP processes also presents obstacles. This review provides insights into S&OP models, trends, and challenges, and offers future research directions, emphasizing AI integration, sustainability, and hybrid modeling approaches. Addressing these challenges can enhance alignment between sales, production, and inventory, ultimately improving business performance.

The main problem of most companies is the short life of brands. The brand life cycle is used by many business managers and plays a very vital role in determining strategies. Considering propulsions and inhibitors that strengthen or hinder this type of marketing, entrepreneurial marketing (EM) is one of the new topics of the brand life cycle management. An accepted framework for EM and identification of effective factors for brand cycle management is not available. Therefore, the purpose of this article for solving the above mentioned problem is to design an EM model for brand life cycle management. This is how this paper contributes in this regard. The necessity of this research is the short life of brands and the waste of economic and social capital. This current research has qualitative approach and is descriptive-exploratory in data process with conceptual qualitative analysis methodology. The tool applied in this research are interviews |(semi-structured) and the population of this paper includes managers, marketing and brand experts in the field of chemicals, medicine and facilities industries in Eshtehard industrial zone of Tehran, Iran. The target community have been selected by snowball sampling method. Interviews extracted data has been classified by Open, axial and selective codes and were analyzed by Maxqda software. After investigating of codes by experts and eliminating items less than critical amount of 0.62 (according to Lawche formula), finally 166 codes and 23 components as propulsion and 84 codes and 16 components as inhibitors of EM were identified and categorized for brand life cycle management. The conceptual model of this paper has been reached from the review of the research background and interviews with the experts and by the final investigations, we reached to the conclusion that propulsion and inhibitors are affecting on entrepreneurial marketing and consequently on brand life cycle management. The results of this research shows that entrepreneurial marketing is a suitable solution to manage the brand life cycle and prevent the early decline of brands.

Today, manufacturing companies must address the increasing trend of smart manufacturing (SM) to maintain their competitiveness. Concurrently, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which constitute the backbone of numerous production economies, are endeavoring to comprehend the complexities associated with implementing this advanced production system. However, many of these enterprises are hesitant to adopt SM due to insufficient human and financial resources. The transformation of a company's existing system into smart production systems, as opposed to implementing smart manufacturing from the outset, necessitates greater financial and temporal investment. Consequently, it is imperative to consider and integrate effective requirements for smart production systems during the design phase. This study aims to identify these requirements, ascertain their significance, and comprehend the contextual relationships among them. To achieve this, a systematic review method is employed to identify the requirements, followed by the Intuitionistic Fuzzy Multiplicative Best-Worst Method (IFMBWM) to determine their weights. Finally, the TISM method is utilized to understand the interrelationships and compare the levels obtained with the results of the best-worst method. The results indicated that the effective requirements can be categorized into eight main criteria. The highest and most fundamental criterion is the requirement for digitalization and real-time data connection. The second criterion is automation, followed by smart communication with beneficiaries as the third. Overall, small and medium-sized enterprises should prioritize information technology and artificial intelligence requirements to advance towards smart production systems.

Translanguaging' has been promoted as a prominent term in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) studies. It describes how learners of a new language effectively utilize their entire range of languages to convey meaning and communicate. Additionally, it serves as an educational strategy to harness these language repertoires as valuable resources for learning. In the last twenty years, multiple empirical investigations have been carried out to investigate pedagogical translingual strategy in language learning classes across the world. However, there is limited knowledge on this occurrence in English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) in the educational context of Iraq, where TEFL policies prohibit using students' first language and perceive them as a hindrance to language acquisition. By examining the views of English language teachers regarding pedagogical translanguaging, this study seeks to close this gap. Additionally, it investigates the extent to which these perspectives are manifested in their instructions. A total of 120 English language instructors at an Iraqi university willingly took part in this research. The findings highlight a significant disparity between the attitudes that teachers claim to have and the teaching methods that they use, based on the survey. The results also illuminated the barriers that prevented the participants from using translanguaging in their instruction.

The architecture of the first Pahlavi period is considered a turning point in the evolution of Iranian architecture and urban planning, which dates back to the Qajar period and the familiarity of the Shah and his courtiers with European architecture. These changes reached a more tangible level in the first Pahlavi period, marking the beginning of modern Iranian architecture. The present study examines the architecture of schools from this period, focusing on a comparison between schools in East Azerbaijan and other modern schools in Iran, to provide a model for the design of today's schools. This study aims to analyze qualitative findings including: physical, spatial, and functional organization used in schools of the first Pahlavi period, such as appropriate access, spatial connections, hierarchy, arrangement of spaces, combination of full and empty space, open and semi-open spaces, introversion and extroversion, geometry and pattern, ., to arrive at solutions for the development of school architecture. The methodology of this research is historical-interpretive and case study (study of 6 schools from the Qajar and Pahlavi periods in East Azerbaijan province). The research method employed is qualitative, involving interviews with experts. In this study, 10 people were interviewed. In accordance with the principles of grounded theory, data collection and analysis were conducted following the first interview. This study also conducted a comparative analysis of the architecture of East Azerbaijan schools between 1304 and 1320, examining six landmark works in this province. Using the comparative method and structural approach, the spatial organization of schools from the Pahlavi period was analyzed, categorized, and coded. The results showed that the highest salience in the functional component was associated with extroversion, with a value of 28, and the lowest was associated with introversion, with a value of 7. The results indicate a decrease in Iranian-Islamic identity in Pahlavi-period schools. These changes include the shift from traditional architecture to new styles, the transformation of interior to exterior space, the reduction of hierarchy and proportions, the decline of decorative elements, and the elimination of green spaces.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The driving forces of productivity-oriented design management in architecture and urban planning offices, as a novel approach to improving project performance, focus on identifying and analyzing the key factors influencing the design process. Accordingly, the present study aims to examine the driving forces affecting the status of productivity-based design management in selected architecture and urban planning offices in Tehran. METHODS: The study is applied in nature and uses a descriptive–analytical method. Theoretical data were collected through documentary research, and empirical data were obtained via a Delphi-based survey. Twenty experts were selected through purposive sampling, and 40 factors in six main dimensions were analyzed using structural cross-impact analysis in MICMAC software. FINDINGS: The cross-impact analysis indicated that the driving forces occupy a complex, intermediate state, mostly in the independent cluster. Among 31 identified drivers, the most influential include precise project planning, advanced design software use, effective stakeholder communication, quality control, human resource management, and project risk management. These factors have the greatest direct impact on productivity-oriented design management in the studied offices. CONCLUSION: The analysis identified key drivers such as precise project planning, advanced design software, stakeholder communication, quality control, and risk management as having the greatest direct impact.

Rhetorical figures correspond to what is now called "foregrounding" in linguistic studies. Extra-regularity and deviation are considered types of foregrounding. Based on the concept, and considering the distinctions, Haghshenas makes among literary modes. Safavi, in his book From Linguistics to Literature, separates verse-creating and poetry-creating tools, proposing "the rhetoric of verse" (Badi'-e Nazm), "the rhetoric of poetry" (Badi'-e She'r), and "the rhetoric of prose" (Badi'-e Nasr).The purpose of this study is to examine whether a clear distinction can be made between the tools of verse-creating and poetry-creating, meaning that we believe techniques based on extra-regularity, which operate outside of language, have no role in creating poetry, whereas techniques that operate within language always transform it into poetry. Drawing on Russian Formalism and employing a documentary method with an analytical approach, this study investigates this possibility. The arguments presented demonstrate that, since the concept of form in Formalism is an interconnected structure, separating word and meaning is inherently unfeasible. Moreover, poetry is a unified whole, and the role of each element becomes meaningful only in relation to other textual components. Thus, figures of word can also contribute to a text's poetic quality, and dividing rhetorical figures into "the rhetoric of verse" (Badi'-e Nazm), "the rhetoric of poetry" (Badi'-e She'r), and "the rhetoric of prose" (Badi'-e Nasr) does not appear logically justified. Although it is very helpful and valuable in understanding the structure of rhetorical devices and grasping the connection between language and literature.

The present study aims to examine the mediating role of narcissism in the relationship between organizational commitment and job burnout among secondary school teachers in Zahedan. This research utilized a descriptive-correlational design. The study sample consisted of 213 teachers from elementary and secondary schools in Zahedan during the academic year 2024-2025, selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants completed the Maslach and Jackson Burnout Inventory (1981), the Allen and Meyer Organizational Commitment Scale (1990), and the Ames Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16). The data were analysed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation modelling. The results indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between organizational commitment and job burnout among secondary school teachers in Zahedan, with narcissism acting as a mediating variable. Narcissism serves as a mediator between organizational commitment and job burnout among teachers; therefore, increasing narcissism and enhancing organizational commitment are recommended as preventive measures against teacher burnout.

This research examines the performance of banks' Asset Liability Management (ALM) strategies using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to improve bank efficiency and estimate the efficiency scores of emerging banks. ALM is an essential process for financial institutions to manage their assets and obligations effectively, ensuring profitability, liquidity, and risk oversight, while DEA offers a comprehensive methodology for evaluating and comparing the efficiency of Decision-Making Units (DMUs). By utilizing DEA in the context of ALM, this research seeks to uncover inefficiencies and recommend optimization strategies. The results reveal considerable differences in efficiency levels, underscoring potential improvement areas and best practices. This study adds to the existing literature by illustrating the practical use of DEA in ALM and providing actionable insights for banks to boost their performance