درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This comparative study examines the works of two prominent novelists, Ernest Hemingway and Ahmad Mahmoud, through the lens of Existentialism. Both authors are renowned for their unique styles and themes that probe the human condition and the quest for meaning in life. This research compares their works, including Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises and Mahmoud’s The Neighbors and The Scorched Earth to differentiate the similarities and differences in their approaches to Existentialism. Based on an existential perspective, the study aims to examine how characters in the novels of Hemingway and Mahmoud grapple with existential crises, confront the absurdity of life, navigate concepts of freedom and authenticity, and cope with existential anxiety. Results show that while Hemingway's characters often exhibit a stoic acceptance of the absurdity of life and adopt a sense of freedom in their choices, Mahmoud's characters tend to struggle more intensely with existential anxiety and undergo profound existential crises as they confront the complexities of their existence. Moreover, Hemingway's characters typically fail to stick to their true selves and what they believe in, while Mahmoud's characters might struggle more with being true to themselves and finding their own identity

Purpose- The widespread use of virtual platforms has become a common practice in present management, and rural areas are identified as a sector that can greatly benefit from this technology. Statistic data in the field of communication and information technology exhibit a significant increase in internet access in rural areas, a trend that is on the rise globally. The successful implementation of smart village initiatives in Asia shows a promising way to improve life in rural areas, overcome existing challenges, prevent the collapse of social structures, and counteract the problem of rural exodus. It can be argued that by advancing information technology and smart village initiatives, life quality in rural areas can be positively impacted.Design/methodology/approach- The research population comprised the entire statistical community of four districts in Kalar County. Three villages were randomly selected from each district, resulting in a total of 150 samples from 262 households, using the Cochran formula with a 5% error rate. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through content validity and Cronbach's alpha.Finding- The results of this study indicated that the existing infrastructure for smart village development in the rural areas of Kalar County is in an unsatisfactory condition. Additionally, the level of knowledge and information of residents regarding the smartification process in the study area is insufficient. Moreover, the effectiveness of this emerging process in improving the life quality for the local population was not as impactful as expected. The driving and inhibiting factors affecting the development of smart villages in Kalar County do not align with optimistic expectations hindering the desired outcomes.

Tranquility is a fundamental human need addressed in Abrahamic religions, including the Holy Qur'an and the Testaments. This research aims to identify paths to tranquility in the Holy Qur'an and the Testaments using a descriptive-analytical method with a comparative approach. The study reveals that the Holy Qur'an presents 21 methods, the Old Testament 11, and the New Testament 8 methods as tranquility-inducing factors. Faith in God, prayer and supplication, reliance on God, procreation, and benevolence are common themes emphasized in all three sources. The Qur'an specifically emphasizes returning to one's innate nature (Fiṭrah), devotion to God and divine guardians, following divine guidance, ritual prayer, piety, remembrance of God, repentance, proper nutrition, utilizing religious symbols and art, companionship with believers, and maintaining family ties. The Testaments uniquely mention justice and fairness, religious festivals, nature, trustworthiness, wine, and music as tranquility-inducing factors. In conclusion, the approaches presented in the Holy Qur'an for achieving tranquility are more comprehensive, aligned with human nature and intellect, and offer genuine tranquility in both this world and the hereafter.

Background and Theoretical Basis: One of the most important concerns of most oil-exporting countries is determining the optimal oil Supply Portfolio (on Sea and Land) because the non-commitment of buyer countries can cause serious damage to the revenue sources of exporting countries due to their high need for oil exports. Methodology: The supply risks are first identified based on the opinion of experts, all of whom are experts in the National Iranian Oil Company, especially in the contracts department, and then weighted using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Findings: The major countries importing oil from Iran are then ranked based on weight. Next, the result of this rating is entered into the mathematical programming model. The results of solving the model indicate the optimal oil supply portfolio and the best countries for oil exports are determined accordingly. Conclusion: One of the most important concerns of most oil-exporting countries is determining the optimal oil supply portfolio because the non-commitment of buyer countries can cause serious damage to the revenue sources of exporting countries due to their high need for oil exports. In this study, the optimal oil supply portfolio is selected based on destination country and transfer risks by combining content analysis, fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making, and mathematical programming techniques. The proposed model suggests that the optimal oil supply portfolio can be determined. In this way, it is possible to determine how much of the export of petroleum products should be allocated to an importing country according to issues such as cost and risk. The results can be generalized to other industries. Thus, future studies can examine the proposed model for the export of other products, including mineral or agricultural products. In other words, the major importing countries can be determined, and optimal allocation to them can be made based on criteria such as risk and cost.  

The impacts of climate change pose a potential threat to peace as defined in the United Nations Charter. Currently, there are few concrete examples of violent conflicts directly induced by climate change, and our understanding of future projections remains limited. Many researchers contend that it is not climate change itself that precipitates conflict, but rather issues such as poor governance of water resources that serve as the primary drivers. This paper examines the competency of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in addressing the effects of climate change to either mitigate the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Various recommendations have been proposed for the UNSC in its dealings with the adverse impacts of climate change. These include refraining from involvement, adopting coercive measures, resorting to military force, ending impunity for environmental crimes, requesting advisory opinions from the International Court of Justice (ICJ), imposing sanctions, opting for non-response, and utilizing legislative competencies or authorizing measures. However, given the existence of multilateral climate treaties and other relevant forums, immediate action by the UNSC may be unnecessary. Additionally, the withdrawal of certain Permanent Members from the Paris Agreement complicates the Council's ability to advocate for compulsory actions in support of climate initiatives.