درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose - Examination and recognition of the processes and mechanisms governing the physical environment of villages and the factors of rural landscape structure have its specific and unique characteristics. These valuable features are applicable in the research process, planning, and plans approaches, as well as in spatial planning to pay for the open environment and rural landscape development. Therefore, the main objective of the research is recognition of the landscape identity components in the tourism villages with valuable texture. These components can be used in the plans and texture restoration of the villages to have a sustainable landscape. Design/methodology/approach- The research is a descriptive-analytic study with the quantitative method by applying a questionnaire that completed by university’s professors and authorities of organs that are related to valuable textures with this important question: what are the landscape identity components and which one of them is so important? By identifying the components, extracting the items and operating the components, collecting and analyzing the data through the SPSS software, performing the ANOVA test and Tukey's test, the components of landscape was identified. These components are readability, vitality, beauty, security and safety, diversity and variety, belonging, accessibility, cultural history, semantics, visual proportions, and physical quality, social, economic, and environmental. Finally, their significance has been determined relative to each other. Finding- The main hypothesis was the importance of the economic (functional-activity) and perceptual components that are based on the findings of the research which ultimately have been ranked in the Tukey’s test table based on the importance of ranking. The ten components in the second column of the components are the most important and the three components in the first column are less important components and two common components are in the first and second columns. The results showed that the economic component (performance-activity) was the most important of all with an average value of 2.61. Within the perceptual components; the historical-cultural component with an average value of 2.55 ranked after the economic component (first rank) and social component (second) as the third important component and the average value of social component was obtained 2.55, so it can be said that the hypothesis was confirmed. According to the results, to have a sustainable perspective for the future, all these components should be considered more prominently in the plans and projects than in the past. While the same research has already not been done on landscape identity in villages, then this research can be the beginning of development and applied research in rural regions.

Purpose- This study aimed to determine the constructive components of livable rural communities. To this end, it investigates the status of livability from the viewpoint of rural population in villages of Kashmar County. Design/methodology/approach- This is a descriptive-analytic study. In the first stage, indicators were extracted by reviewing the relevant literature. Then, a questionnaire was developed based on the Likert scale. Using the Cochran formula, 350 samples were selected and were randomly distributed. Finally, the data were analyzed using the SPSS software and employing correlation and Friedman tests. Finding- The results of the Spearman test showed no significant relationship between individual characteristics (age, sex, education) and livability indicators. On the other hand, the results of the Friedman test revealed that villages have higher livability in terms of the environmental dimension than other dimensions. In terms of the social dimension, recreation and leisure time indicator had the highest rank from respondents’ viewpoint (5.50), and other indicators were also effective in varying degrees. Respondents were more satisfied with public space than other indicators. Originality/value - Due to the novelty of the subject in Iran, and since it has received low attention in the relevant global literature, more time is needed to carry out further studies. The results of this study may be useful for rural officials and planners, rural students and researchers.

Purpose - Spatial equilibrium at different stages, especially at the district level, is the most significant purpose of spatial development planning that is the focus of attention in Iran's policy and planning system. In this regard, spatial recognition and analysis of the components and the criteria of eligibility are significant in the context of the existing development concept. By identifying the eligibility components of rural settlements, it is possible to identify low eligibility of spatial areas affected by adverse socio-economic and spatial processes. Accordingly, the research team attempted to examine this criterion in the district of Khorramabad. Design/methodology/approach - The research method was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population was the villages of Khorramabad county (Given the frequency of a statistical population, 150 villages out of 647 were selected as the sample using stratified- random sampling. The required data (35 indices) were collected by the library method (using population and housing census and statistical yearbook of 2016). Data analysis was done using FANP model (for summarizing the indices and determining their weight), VIKOR technique (for ranking the villages), and finally, path analysis test for determining the influence degree of the factors on the level of development. According to the research findings, the following results were obtained; Finding - The process of development in Khorramabad county, is in relatively in good condition. In this process, Integrated development has not been considered. Some components (access to services, economic participation and, economic welfare) are in good conditions while some other components (agricultural production, education and population growth) are not. These conditions resulted in a decline in some villages. The level of development in Khorramabad county has been confronted with spatial inequality not just in terms of topic-specific but an area-specific aspect. This inequality resulted in the formation of the center-periphery spatial pattern that causes the marginalization (and deterioration) of disadvantaged villages.

Purpose- This study tries to evaluate rural governance and identify its effective factors in a rural area, around Karaj Metropolis, for the achievement of local governance in central Iran. Design/Methodology/Approach - In terms of goal and nature, it is practical, while with regards to its methodology, it serves as a survey. The statistical populations of this research include 53 rural managers of rural settlements as rural governors (Dehyar), 105 rural councils, and 366 heads of village households, selected based on classification sampling within a multi-stage process. Both techniques of PROMETHEE and Analytic Network Process (ANP) have been employed for analysis, level evaluation, and classification of governance in the studied rural area. Findings- Based on the parametric method, results show that out of 53 studied local government, 53% had good governance; 25%, average governance; and 22%, weak governance. Furthermore, based on ANP Technique, the rural district (Dehestan) of Adran had the highest governance rank, while the rural district of Kamal Abad had the lowest. In general, the findings show that governance level in the studied local governments were quite desirable. Research limitations/Implications- Governance is a multidimensional issue with various definitions and theories thereof the villagers’ attitude towards rural governance and its indicators is restricted. Practical implications- In the study area, rural governance is in a good position, but some of the rural governance components and indicators are in an unsatisfactory and critical situation and require serious attention for improvement. Originality/Value- So far, there has been little attention paid to rural governance in the cities, especially in the peripheral regions of metropolitan areas. Accordingly, the present study is of considerable importance.