landscape

Regarding the increasing presence of women in the community as a result of higher education developments, urban spaces have become more feminine and the significant influence of women in urban spaces and landscape is rapidly increasing following the impacts of lifestyle phenomenon, media and globalization. The increasing influence of women on urban spaces and landscapes intensifies the necessity of deep scrutiny. Recently, security is being considered as an important issue for women and women tend to be present at urban spaces more; however, all different types of space are not considered secured enough for women. The absence of women architects and urbanists in the professional community despite the large population of women graduate from Iranian universities accentuates the problem. This research seeks to understand whether urban spaces and landscapes can be regarded as feminine spaces. This paper a review research and the literature and the research problem are described by emphasis on library documentation research method.

Purpose - Examination and recognition of the processes and mechanisms governing the physical environment of villages and the factors of rural landscape structure have its specific and unique characteristics. These valuable features are applicable in the research process, planning, and plans approaches, as well as in spatial planning to pay for the open environment and rural landscape development. Therefore, the main objective of the research is recognition of the landscape identity components in the tourism villages with valuable texture. These components can be used in the plans and texture restoration of the villages to have a sustainable landscape. Design/methodology/approach- The research is a descriptive-analytic study with the quantitative method by applying a questionnaire that completed by university’s professors and authorities of organs that are related to valuable textures with this important question: what are the landscape identity components and which one of them is so important? By identifying the components, extracting the items and operating the components, collecting and analyzing the data through the SPSS software, performing the ANOVA test and Tukey's test, the components of landscape was identified. These components are readability, vitality, beauty, security and safety, diversity and variety, belonging, accessibility, cultural history, semantics, visual proportions, and physical quality, social, economic, and environmental. Finally, their significance has been determined relative to each other. Finding- The main hypothesis was the importance of the economic (functional-activity) and perceptual components that are based on the findings of the research which ultimately have been ranked in the Tukey’s test table based on the importance of ranking. The ten components in the second column of the components are the most important and the three components in the first column are less important components and two common components are in the first and second columns. The results showed that the economic component (performance-activity) was the most important of all with an average value of 2.61. Within the perceptual components; the historical-cultural component with an average value of 2.55 ranked after the economic component (first rank) and social component (second) as the third important component and the average value of social component was obtained 2.55, so it can be said that the hypothesis was confirmed. According to the results, to have a sustainable perspective for the future, all these components should be considered more prominently in the plans and projects than in the past. While the same research has already not been done on landscape identity in villages, then this research can be the beginning of development and applied research in rural regions.

This article will portray Atwood’s Alias Grace (1996) from an Eco-critical viewpoint. The real concern of eco-criticism is to create an eco-literary discourse to produce an interactive approach between the language of nature and the literary language. Likewise, Gregory Garrard explored a different way between humans and environment in the area of cultural spheres in his article in 2016. Garrard wrote a well-known book, Eco-criticism, in 2004 and explored concepts of this approach like: pollution, wilderness, dwelling, animals, and the earth. This type of awareness in literature is significant because of both the current environmental crisis and possible disasters in the future. As such, nature signifies a metaphor for life in the environment. Apart from that, a rural landscape has a profound impact not only on characters, but also on humans the world over. Meanwhile, Atwood followed a creative path which identifies environmental crisis as a modern problem with eccentric human nature as a key element in global ecological concerns. Hence, the main purpose of the current article is looking for a close relationship between humans and nature in the literature which has been ignored in many criticisms.  Finding enough harmony with nature will be a plausible result of it.

Phenomenology is one of the outs tanding theoretical paradigms in contemporary s tudies in architecture and urban planning. However, the phenomenology of place in artworks, especially painting and drawings (visual arts), through architectural modalities could be a subs tantial attempt and a new subject that needs more s tudies. The purpose of current research is to achieve a method based on which the phenomenon of place in the visual arts could interpret and explained more accurately. For this aim, a qualitative and descriptive method is applied. In this s tudy, based on the theories of Martin Heidegger and Edward Ralph on the one hand and the ideas of Chris tian Norberg-Schultz, on the other hand, a framework for the phenomenological s tudy of the place has been proposed in three s tages of description, analysis, and explanation. Besides, the drawings of Sohrab Sepehri, one of the famous contemporary artis ts of Iran, have been s tudied as an example by applying this framework to show the efficiency of the proposed framework and method. The results of this s tudy show that the interpretation of artworks based on these three s tages consis tent with the s tage of phenomenological reduction and cons titution which is common in phenomenology. Sohrab Sepehri's drawings were well in line with the phenomenological concepts of place and its components and variables introduced in this research. The challenges of applying this framework discussed and enhancing its validity by further s tudies in the works of other artis ts, recommended. 

 Indus trial heritage includes remnants of an indus trial period with his torical, technological, social, architectural, or scientific value and is therefore worthy of protection. The adaptability of indus trial heritage is one of the conservation approaches that will lead to sus tainability while preserving heritage and preserving social and cultural values. Accordingly, the purpose of this s tudy is to provide a comprehensive model in the field of indus trial heritage adaptability with the perspective that covers as much as possible the components affecting adaptability and empowers s takeholders in this field to answer the ques tions. This research is of a mixed type, which is done in two qualitative and quantitative phases and two s tages of model presentation due to comparative s tudies and model validation. The components of the proposed research model were identified through a comparative s tudy of 5 successful examples in the field of indus trial heritage adaptability to the landscape. In order to validate, the final model was presented to 180 experts, and the model's validity was confirmed using s tructural equations in the confirmatory factor analysis phase. The results showed that nine economic, his torical, physical, social, cultural, infras tructural, technological, environmental, and policy factors affect the adaptability of indus trial heritage to the landscape. This research presents an improved model that can be useful in adapting the indus trial heritage to the landscape in the country.

It is truly undeniable that tourism is a system leading to epistemology and resulting in spiritual growth and excellence. The mission of the journey lies in its spiritual achievements and eco-lodges provide the potential context for mutual interconnections and gaining meaning and excellence. Therefore, lacking emphasis on spiritual potentials of eco-lodges in the accommodation sector is the main concern of this research. The present study aims to identify the factors influencing the landscape development of eco-lodges from the viewpoint of tourists to explain and analyze the realization of the spiritual landscape of eco-lodges via the perception of the eco-lodges’ landscape. The main concern of this qualitative research is seeking what a tourist sees, what he understands, how the type of accommodation would lead him from objectivity to subjectivity and ultimately, how the perception of the spiritual landscape from tourist’s view is. Answering research questions through the qualitative method with an interpretive approach and inductive strategy has been conducted by a semi-structured interview tool. Besides, the research data is gathered via two phases of coding the general concepts and classification of concepts based on the frequency. Lastly, the findings have been analyzed and interpreted through a conceptual framework. Based on research results, staying in eco-lodge causes leading resident tourist from objectivity to subjectivity and this is derived from perception of spiritual landscape. The components of the eco-lodges’ landscape adapting with three  parameters of spirituality in tourism, lead tourists to the perception of the spiritual landscape as well as the realization of the mutual understanding of nature and man in the journey and the achievement of the meaning and spirit through accommodation in eco-lodges.

Today, tourism industry is addressed with a wise and specialized approach which encompasses different sectors. One of the important sectors of tourism is ecotourism and geotourism. From scientific viewpoint, Ecotourists and Geotourists are those who start on a journey to observe natural and geological sights and landscapes in order to visually observe world’s wonders. In addition to beautiful natural landscapes including deserts, kavirs, basins, beautiful coasts, mountains and unique plant covers, Iran has high tourism (ecotourism and geotourism) potentials due to diverse climatic conditions, suitable sunny hours, etc. Among all these landscapes, Dasht-e-Kavir, as the largest salare of Iran and world with an area more than 120,000 km 2, has placed in itself a set of most unique landscapes of the world. Based on geological divisions, Dasht-e-Kavir is located in the limits of central Iran and has experienced several changes during its life. It is likely to have been under water for millions of years as the result of tectonic movements or it may sometimes have come out of water due to vertical movements. By formation of Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges in about 65 million years ago, a shallow lake was formed at that part and was affected by several complicated climatic and tectonic conditions in Tertiary and Quaternary periods. The result of all these accidents has provided the possibility of formation of a set of most surprising landscapes in a relatively limited space. The main goal of this research is to introduce tourism and ecotourism attractions of Dasht-e-Kavir. In this desert, a set of salares, deserts, sand dunes, salt polygons, salt and clay pans, several swamps and cold and warm springs are observed beside historical works. Major landscapes and historical works available in Dasht-e-Kavir include Masileh Desert, Hoz-e-Soltan, Salt Lake, Dagh Sorkh, Rig Gen, Nakhjir valley of Maranjab desert, mountains of Siah Kouh, Talheh Mountain, Bahram Palace, Shah Abbasi Caravanserai.