درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Providing climatic data like temperature in good spatial resolution is a key requirement for many geographical, ecological and bioclimatic research. With this in mind, various related studies use thermal remote sensing images as auxiliary data to enhance the air temperature interpolation outcomes. That’s while normally summer season images are used as auxiliary data and less attention has been paid to winter season acquired images which are often covered by snowy areas. With this in mind, the Snow Covered Area (SCA) extent impacts on air temperature interpolation were investigated. The data used were temperature data and four Landsat thermal images of December 1986 and 1999. To calculate the area of snow cover, band combination and NDSI index were used. Results show that Thermal Co-Kriging (TCK) of December 1986 provide better results with more snow affected thermal image. While in 1999 although different results were obtained but the best selected output did not show impacts of different snow cover area. These results revealed that probably the SCA extent threshold could be different and could be found with more research. Finally, we know that number of our observation stations are too low and considering the Kriging requirements like normal distribution and stationarity are toilsome but we should consider that this problem exists in the regions with low density of gauges and should find a way to enhance the air temperature interpolation in these cases. At the end, using high resolution, Landsat thermal bands improve our ability to explain and visualize local temperature variability into a variety of applications such as deriving temperature dependent climatic variables, species distribution modelling and assessments of fire risk.

The energy plays a significant role in human life and almost it is not possible to continue the life without it. This is why energy has a key role in our national and international policies and has shaped up patterns of rivalry, cooperation, conflict, violation, interaction, convergence, and divergence in the international arena and relations between countries and authorities. Therefore, interestingly the sources of energy provision, energy corridors, and consumer markets, energy trade, energy technology, and things like them increase in value. This study investigated energy resources in Iran and Middle East in library research method. In addition to have a unique geopolitical position, Iran is located in ellipse of energy and there is more than 70 percent of world resources of oil and 60 percent of world resources of gas in Iran. In addition, Iran has located in the energy corridor of north to south and east to west and all of the ways pass through this wide country. Hence, it can pump money into the country not only by selling energy, but also with transmitting of energy and accordingly, it can evolve the country economy with a correct planning and engagement with countries. <br />  <br /> 

Security doctrine is an official viewpoint in expression of national security considerations; a viewpoint, which is planned, based on different foundation & considerations of political units. This doctrine is operated within strategic solutions format and tries to maximize the security of the territory as the most important political concern in general meaning and geopolitics in particular meaning by offering decision-making strategies to the country leaders. In this regard, studying the security doctrine strategic solutions in geopolitical discourse of the transition period with emphasis on the 4 theories of environmental, economical, locative-spatial and cultural, are the main issue of the current article. The importance of the issue is the final goal of geopolitics as a science of locative-spatial study of the political phenomenon with emphasis on the power, security maximization by the territory capacities.  Based on the above mentioned, identifying the security strategic solutions is required in the views of this science. The main question is about, what are the security strategic solutions in the above-mentioned geopolitical view? The author is explaining his hypothesis based on descriptive and analytical methods by using library resource tools, as below: "Security strategic solutions of changing the current situation, peace and preemptive war are suggested for the views of geo-ecology, geo-economy, locative-spatial and geo-culture." The current results show that every geopolitical theorists needs to suggest territory safety secured by different security strategic solutions with a particular focus in order to success in operational fields.