درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose- The ongoing research endeavors to identify and critically analyze the paradigmatic rural development model embedded within Iran's spatial planning frameworks. As innovative philosophical perspectives in rural development emerge, the necessity of examining and understanding the foundational principles guiding these initiatives has become increasingly vital. This importance is recognized from a theoretical perspective and in practical efficiency and effectiveness, particularly relevant for geographers engaged in spatial analysis. Design/methodology/approach- The research aims to contribute valuable insights to enhance rural development strategies and inform effective spatial planning in Iran by exploring these dimensions. The research strategy uses a mixed-methods approach, allowing for the selection of various methods that are aligned with the overall research objectives. Initially, the qualitative content analysis method was employed. Data collection utilized several tools, including observation, document analysis, and questionnaires. A non-probability sampling technique was applied, and one document was selected from each of the nine study areas. Researchers needed to consider multiple criteria during judgmental sampling, such as clustering levels, time units, geographic units, and the number of document samples, alongside consultations with academic experts. The document analysis, grounded in qualitative content analysis, aimed to objectify findings. Findings- The research revealed that critical characteristics of the paradigmatic model for rural development in the provincial SSP include "objective ontology," "positivism epistemology," "Separate praxis," and "ethics." The findings indicate that the degree of alignment between the selected SPP and the paradigmatic model of retrogressive rural development is rated at 3.73. This score suggests that the retrogressive perspective remains dominant despite advancements in "ideological" and "institutional" reforms. Originality/value- Consequently, the characteristics associated with the paradigmatic elements of rural development have regressed within the SPP framework.

Among different social sectors, students are one of the most important social groups targeted by environmental education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social factors affecting students' water consumption behavior. The basic research questions were: 1. What is the water consumption level of students? 2. What are the social factors affecting students' water consumption behavior? In terms of methodology, the present research was conducted using a survey method at the first secondary level in girls' schools in Babol city, Mazandaran province, during the spring of 2024. One hundred students were selected as the statistical sample, and a questionnaire was used to collect the required data. The data obtained from the research were described and analyzed using SPSS. The findings of the study showed that the average water consumption behavior of students is at a moderate level. Spearman's correlation analysis confirmed a statistical relationship between the number of family members and water consumption behavior. According to the results of the ANOVA test, there was no significant difference in water consumption behavior based on educational level. The results, based on regression coefficients, showed that perceived moral norms and behavioral control have the greatest impact on students' water consumption behavior. Based on the findings, suggestions were made to strengthen moral norms and increase awareness of the consequences.