درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

An overview of pedagogical interventions in the field of interlanguage pragmatics reveals the under-exploration of the processes in which changes in learners' second language (L2) pragmatic competence are established and that most of these investigations have focused on the product or final outcome of the learners' pragmatic development (Bardovi-Harlig, 1999; Kasper, 1996; Vyatkina & Belz, 2006). This study aimed to provide a qualitative analysis of the microgenetic development of English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' pragmatic knowledge of request speech act. A total of 140 male and female participants received instruction on request strategy types and internal and external modification devices for seven sessions (weeks) through consciousness-raising (C-R) tasks. The data were collected after instructional sessions during the first, third, fifth, and seventh weeks through discourse completion tests (DCTs). The results indicated that, in the course of time, the participants stopped using direct request strategies and employed conventionally indirect strategies more frequently in situations involving high-status interlocutors and high-imposition requests. Moreover, as time progressed, the learners became more preoccupied with pragmatic appropriateness rather than grammatical correctness. The results of the study suggest that C-R instructional tasks offer an effective means of teaching pragmatics. Considering request speech act, learners should become conscious of the significance of concepts such as status and imposition as well as internal and external modification devices in request formulation.

The importance of input has been a broadly documented concept in the field of second or foreign language acquisition. However, kinds of input and ways of its presentation are among the controversial issues in L2 classroom research. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the effects of three kinds of input-based instruction on intake and acquisition of the English causative structures by Iranian EFL learners. A total of 105 university students in four intact classes were randomly assigned to four different conditions: processing instruction (PI), textual input enhancement (TE), consciousness-raising (C-R), and control (CO). A pretest/posttest (immediate and delayed) design was used, where participants’ ability to interpret and produce the target structure was assessed through administering a multiple choice interpretation test and a sentence-level production test. Moreover, a grammaticality judgment test was run to assess the amount of intake. Results revealed that learners in the PI group significantly outperformed learners in the other groups on both immediate/delayed production posttests. The findings also indicated that, C-R group could not retain the significant effect of instruction on delayed production posttest and TE tasks were not effective in improving the learners’ production of the target structure. Moreover, the PI group outperformed the other groups on grammaticality judgment test too. Based on these findings, we can conclude that PI which encompasses the most outstanding features of both focus on form and meaning instruction might be a more effective approach in helping EFL learners to acquire the target grammatical forms.

In this study, the researchers investigated a critical aspect of EFL/ESL writing pedagogy-the impact of teacher written commentary on student writer’s earlier drafts. Compositions of 80 Iranian undergraduate English majors were commented on using a trio of imperatives, statements, and questions on both content and form. Overall, the results indicated that the comments in the imperative form helped students improve their EFL/ESL writing ability more than the other two types. However, the difference between statements and questions was found not to be significant. The findings of this study, once again, emphasized the need for EFL/ESL writing instructors to communicate to learners with appropriate types of written comments. Moreover, employing imperative sentences can orient student writers towards a more accurate (i.e. form-focused) and appropriate (i.e. content-focused) composition writing.

تحقیق کنونی به ارائه چگونگی ساخت ، پردازش، و استفاده از لیست ارزیابی دوگانه تحلیلی جزئی نگر می پردازد. هدف این لیست ارتقاء پایایی ارزیابی نوشتار مصححان هم به صورت فردی و هم گروهی می باشد. لیست ارزیابی دوگانه تحلیلی جزئی نگر متشکل از 68 سوال است که در برگیرنده پنج جزء تشکیل دهنده نوشتار شامل محتوا، سازمان دهی، نحو، واژگان، و سجاوندی می باشد. با استفاده از این لیست و سوالات مربوط، هشت مصحح به ارزیابی نوشتار 20 نفر از انگلیسی آموزان فارسی زبان پرداختند. همزمان، از مصححان خواسته شد که همین 20 نوشتار را از طریق روش ارزیابی نوشتار کلی نگر تافل تصحیح کنند تا بتوان به مقایسه دو روش کلی نگر و جزئی نگر پرداخت. برای کنکاش پایایی فردی و گروهی مصححان، روش های آماری مختلفی شامل ضریب همبستگی، مدل راش ساده و چند وجهی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که لیست ارزیابی دوگانه تحلیلی جزئی نگر شاخص پایایی بالاتری را هم به صورت فردی و هم گروهی در مقایسه با ارزیابی کلی نگر ایجاد می کند. تحقیقاتی که در آینده انجام خواهد گرفت، با در نظر گرفتن تعداد مصححان بیشتر و آزمودنی های تحقیق، اعتبار بیشتری بر تاثیر ارزیابی دوگانه تحلیلی جزئی نگر در مقایسه با ارزیابی نوشتار کلی نگر را کسب خواهد کرد.