درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

"آموزش زبان امروز بیش از هر روز دیگر نیازمند هدایت به سوی مسیری نو یعنی زیبایی شناسی می باشد. در حقیقت، زیبایی شناسی آموزش زبان امری است که فعالیت آموزش و یادگیری را به جریانی لذت بخش، تعاملی، تحسین برانگیز و پویا تبدیل می سازد. در نظر گرفتن بعد زیبایی شناختی برای آموزش زبان یعنی دستیابی به شگردی که به جای تکیه بر انتقال اطلاعات مربوط به زبان، قواعد و عناصر شناختی آن، بر حضور (اینجا و اکنون) و احساس (""وجود"" و""هست"") زبان آموز تکیه دارد. همین دو عنصر هستند که زبان آموز را همواره در حالت فعال و پویا نگاه می دارند. از این جهت، آموزش زبان باید به دنبال ایجاد نوعی شناخت زیستی در کلاس های زبان باشد. چنین شناختی با توجه به راهکارهای ارایه شده در این مقاله سبب می گردد تا میزان حضور و حساسیت هر زبان آموز آن قدر افزایش یابد تا دیگر به جای شناخت های مکانیکی زبان و فراگیری قواعد آن در کلاس های زبان، با واقعیت جدیدی روبرو شویم که می توان آن را زبان زیستی نامید. بر این اساس و با توجه به بعد زیبایی شناختی زبان، همان طور که در این مقاله نشان داده می شود، زبان آموز تبدیل به موجودی پویا و حساس می گردد که همواره در وضعیت تعامل و عکس العمل دایم نسبت به موقعیت زبانی که در آن می باشد، قرار می گیرد"

Among factors that might manipulate translators’ mind while producing a text is the notion of ideology transmission through text or talk. Adopting Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with particular emphasis on the framework of Van Dijk (1999)، the present investigation is an attempt to shed light on the relationship between language and ideology involved in translation in general، and more specifically، to uncover the underlying ideological assumptions invisible in the texts، both source text (ST) and target text (TT)، and consequently ascertain whether or not translators’ ideologies are imposed in their translations. The corpus consists of the full text of two different Persian translations of the book Media Control by Noam Chomsky، written in English. In a qualitative phase، a detailed contrastive/comparative study at the micro-level in terms of fore/back-grounding mechanisms including explanation of lexical items and dominant grammatical metaphors (passive vs. active، nominalization vs. denominalization، addition vs. omission، and modalization) was conducted to examine، describe and subsequently interpret the patterns in the English source text and its Persian translated versions. In order to make the research data interpretations as objective as possible، having computed frequencies of ideologically significant instances، and percentages، Chi-square formula was applied to find out any difference between proportions of information extracted from the target text concerning their fore/back-grounding and their positions against the source text as well as to test the research null hypothesis، which was consequently rejected. The findings reveal that there are significant changes made by the two translators، either intentionally or unintentionally، in their selection of lexical items and syntactic structures in comparison to those in the source text. The findings of the study also show that many distortions or transformations between the original and the two translated versions were not only arbitrary، but also ideologically encoded in the texts، with specific purposes and functions

ترجمه متون مطبوعاتی (فرانسه به فارسی و بالعکس) یکی از واحدهای تخصصی دانشجویان زبان فرانسه در دانشگاه های ایران است. با توجه به اینکه روزنامه نگاران برای نگارش این نوع متون اغلب از واژگان، عبارات و ساختارهای خاص خود استفاده می کنند و جوانان دانشجو معمولا آشنایی کامل با آنها در زبان خارجی ندارند، لذا در ترجمه آن با مشکلاتی مواجه می شوند. مقاله حاضر به بررسی اجمالی این مشکلات از دیدگاه فردی می پردازد که سالهای متمادی این واحدها را در دانشگاه های مختلف برای گروه های بسیاری تدریس کرده است. هم چنین، نویسنده مقاله، بعنوان مدرسی که از نزدیک با جنبه های گوناگون مشکلات دانشجویان آشناست، پیشنهاداتی را در زمینه های مورد نظر ارایه می دهد.

The purpose of this study was to see the role of English language proficiency level and sex on Iranian students’ beliefs about language learning. This study also investigated the usefulness of the BALLI questionnaire (Horwits, 1988), which checks learners’ beliefs, for the context of Iranian English language learners through conducting an interview. A total of 171 Iranian learners from safir institute took a TOEFL test (2003) and filled out BALLI questionnaire. Based on their TOEFL scores, they were divided into two levels of high and low language proficiency and each group was divided into two groups of males and females. Thirty-two participants including all groups were randomly selected for the interview. The results of the data analysis indicated that there was a significant difference in the learners’ beliefs about language learning at different language proficiency levels, but there was no significant difference in this regard between males and females. Also, the study did not prove any interaction between the two factors of sex and language proficiency level. The difference in the results of the interview and the questionnaire in three questions reveal that the questionnaire, though useful, is better to be used along with other measuring instruments.

The purpose of this article is to determine the phonemic status of [h] and [ʔ] in the Sistani dialect of Miyankangi. Auditory tests applied to the relevant data show that [ʔ] occurs mainly in word-initial position، where it stands in free variation with Ø. The only place where [h] is heard is in Arabic and Persian loanwords، and only in the pronunciation of some speakers who are educated and/or live in urban centres، where inhabitants are in closer touch with Persian than in rural areas. The sound [h] also occurs in the pronunuciation of some Arabic loanwords where it replaces the glottal plosive، particularly in word medial، intervocalic position. The investigation shows that neither [ʔ] nor [h] have phonemic status in the Sistani dialect of Miyankangi at present، but that more intense contact with Persian may change this state in the future، particularly for [h].

Generally speaking، lexical items that enter our minds through reading a text commonly leave us with pictures، sounds، echoes، and feelings in the mind. While the ability to produce images in the mind in the process of reading appears to be vital for greater comprehension and recall of texts، research has indicated that many poor readers seemingly do not visualize as they read. On the contrary، those readers who do typically visualize achieve greater comprehension and recall (see Tomlinson، 1997). In this study، in line with Wittrock’s ‘generative learning theory’ (e.g.، 1992)، two fairly homogeneous groups of EFL undergraduates (N=50)، after taking a reading comprehension test to ensure that their reading comprehension differences are not significant، were randomly assigned to attend a short-story course in two different sections—one serving as the experimental and the other as the control group، both studying the same short stories، and both being taught by the researcher as their instructor of the course. The experimental group was instructed how to form pictures in the mind—i.e.، how to visualize—before reading، while reading، and after reading a short story، for example، by being requested to draw pictures of the characters، scenes، or settings in the story as they perceived them. The control group، however، did not receive any training with respect to imagery production and was not told to practice visualization before، while، or after reading the same texts as the experimental group did. The results of a reading comprehension test on the short stories that had been discussed in both indicated that the “visualizers” significantly outperformed the “non-visualizers”، i.e.، the control group، on both tests.