درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: Considering the role of teachers' motivation in improving the teaching, educating and learning processes, the present study was conducted with the aim of providing a suitable model to promoting teachers' motivation for the education process. Methodology: The present study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was mixed (qualitative and quantitative). The research population in the qualitative part was the academic experts of Tehran city in 2020 year, which number of 15 people of them were selected as a sample according to the principle of theoretical saturation and by purposive sampling method. The research population in the quantitative part was the high school teachers of Tehran city in 2020 year, which number of 316 people of them were selected as a sample according to the Cochran's formula and by simple random sampling method. The research tool in the qualitative part was semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part was researcher-made questionnaire, which the validity and reliability of them were confirmed. The data in the qualitative part were analyzed by coding method based on grounded theory in MAXQDA software and data in the quantitative part were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS and LISREL software. Findings: The results of the qualitative part showed that the central category included promoting teachers' motivation for the education process, causal factors included work environment, cultural and social context, teaching level, individual characteristics and demographic factors, intervention factors included psychological-attitudinal factors, individual-motivational factors, facility-welfare factors, managerial and structural factors and negation of work, contextual factors included financial rewards, school physical facilities and job enrichment and job development, strategies included planning to improve quality and academic level, behavior, attitude and policy educational of managers, teacher empowerment and encouragement active teacher and outcomes included trustworthy, academic competence, good social relations and understanding of circumstances and duties. Also, the results of the quantitative part showed that the factor load of all components was appropriate and work environment, cultural and social context, teaching level, individual characteristics and demographic factors on causal factors, psychological-attitudinal factors, individual-motivational factors, facility-welfare factors, managerial and structural factors and negation of work on intervention factors, financial rewards, school physical facilities and job enrichment and job development on contextual factors, planning to improve quality and academic level, behavior, attitude and policy educational of managers, teacher empowerment and encouragement active teacher and on strategies and trustworthy, academic competence, good social relations and understanding of circumstances and duties on outcomes had a significant effect on outcomes (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, to promoting teachers' motivation for the education process can be action through the identified components in the present study.

Purpose: Women studies have always been of interest to researchers. The issue of women's presence in business and management is one of the most important issues in the field of women's studies. This study sets to investigate the effect of characteristics of female managers who were either member of board or CEO on earning quality. Methodology: To this end, we collected necessary data such as financial statements from 102 Tehran Stock Exchange listed companies. The data belongs to period stretching from 20 Feb 2015 to 20 Feb 2020. To test our hypotheses, multivariate regression with panel data and also EViews software were utilized. The results show that the presence of female managers has a positive as well as meaningful effect on earning quality. Findings: Furthermore, the results of our second and third hypothesis indicate that the training skills of female managers and their experience in the board have a positive and significant relationship with the quality of companies’ earnings. Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it is recommended that women be used more in managerial positions and the existing misconceptions that have prevented skilled and experienced women from appearing should be discarded.

It is believed that a considerable part of the American public believe in American exceptionalism, a belief that the United States possesses unique qualities and a special destiny that sets it apart from other nations, often linked to ideals of democracy and freedom. But are there people in the US who are artistically exceptionalist too? We used GSS 2014 survey data and selected those cases that either said they were somewhat proud or very proud of American artistic achievements. Overall, 1043 respondents fell in this category of American artistic exceptionalism and we put their data in a new SPSS file for further analysis. Initially, we held the belief that individuals who espouse American artistic exceptionalism were predominantly male, inclined towards conservatism, and aligned with the Republican party. However, our findings unequivocally refute these preconceptions. In instances such as political leanings and voting patterns, the data demonstrated precisely the opposite trend, revealing that American artistic exceptionalists were more inclined to identify as Democrats rather than Republicans.