دولت و زبان استعاره ای در سیاست (با تأکید بر سخنرانی تنفیذ رئیسی) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
زبان به عنوان یکی از منابع مهم در شکل گیری تجارب و نظام های معنایی هیچ گاه «خنثی» نیست و معنا همان قدر که از «متن» ناشی می شود، از بافت یا زمینه های اجتماعی و فرهنگی نیز تأثیر می پذیرد. این واحدهای زبانی در کنار بافت موقعیتی رابطه ای را بین متن و ایدئولوژی برقرار می کند که با «استعاره» به جامعه القا می شود. پرسش اصلی این است که زبان دولت سیزدهم از چه قالب استعاره ای در فضای ذهنی سیاست استفاده می کند؟ فرضیه بر آن استوار است که دلالت های فرا زبانی و شیوه های درونی واحدهای گفتاری دولت از دو مفهوم آگونیست اخلاقی و آنتاگونیست سیاسی تشکیل شده است. یافته ها نشان می دهد شکل گیری این حوزه های معنایی با استفاده از استعاره های مفهومی بین دو حوزه «مبدأ برخورد» و حوزه «مقصد دولت» و طرح واره انتزاعی نیرو – پویایی، الگوهای برخورد، مانع، ظرف، اجبار، نیروی مخالف و حلقه، مقوله بندی و مفهوم سازی شده است. ازاین رو یک هستی اِعمال کننده نیرو مورد توجه کانونی قرار می گیرد. در این میان، هستی زورمند، آنتاگونیست است که تمایل ذاتی آن به سوی عمل است؛ در مقابل آگونیست به سوی بی عملی و تأثیرپذیری حرکت می کند. در سخنرانی تنفیذ رئیسی دشمنی دشمنان (آنتاگونیست) و پایان دادن به بی عملی (آگونیست اخلاقی)، مسیری است که با نوعی حکمرانی نوین در امر سیاست همراه است. در این قالب ذهنی، طرحواره های تصویری «داخل - خارج»، «جزء - کل» و «حلقه» با کلید استعاری «برخورد» زبان استعاری دولت سیزدهم را تشکیل می دهد. این پژوهش به روش «پراگلجاز» و با استفاده از چارچوب نظری استعاره های مفهومی، زبان استعاری دولت را بررسی می کند.State and Metaphorical Language in Politics; (with Emphasis of Raisi's Speech in Ceremony Officially Endorsed)
IntroductionLanguage, as one of the most important sources in the formation of experiences and semantic systems, is never "neutral" and the meaning is influenced by the context or the social and cultural context as much as it comes from the "text". These linguistic units, together with the situational context, establish a relationship between the text and the ideology that is inculcated in society through "metaphor".The relationship between language and the state has been the subject of extensive research in cognitive linguistics and political science. One such topic is conceptual metaphors and their function in increasing legitimacy and realizing ideological viewpoints in official speeches, including presidential inaugurations. Therefore, the central question is: What metaphorical framework does the language of the 13th government employ within the political cognitive landscape? MethodologyPragglejaz is employed as a tool for identifying metaphors. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of the text, including speeches, the source domain of conflict and the target domain of politics are determined. In conceptual metaphors, the metaphorical direction is from left to right, moving from the concrete source domain to the abstract target domain. The main question is: what form of metaphor does the language of the 13th government use in the mental space of politics? The hypothesis is based on the fact that the extra-linguistic implications and internal practices of government speech units consist of two concepts: moral agonist and political antagonist.FindingsThe findings of this study are discussed under the following themes:Religious Politics and In-Out Image SchemaGrounded in the intertwined concepts of religion and politics, governance is predicated upon a teleological understanding of history. Consequently, the ontological nature of the political must be analyzed through the lens of inevitable antagonistic approaches, manifested as a perennial conflict. Thus, the President's inaugural address, marked by the metaphorical language of "conflict," offers a tangible manifestation of these ideas, positioning this confrontation as an inherent tension between "us" and "them."Quality of Life and the Part-Whole SchemaAs an integral part of society, the government is obligated to transform the existing state of affairs into a more desirable one, thereby improving the quality of life. The schema of "part-whole" serves as a representation of this framework. Within this causal chain, the agent (the government), with the intention of performing an action, mobilizes a "part" or "all" of its body (the government body) to initiate the causal event (the change in status). The metaphors of "foot" and "step," as a body part and a path, respectively, are conceptualized within the framework of the "Government Is Person" metaphor and the part-whole schema.Ethical Politics and the Link SchemaPolitics is understood as the pursuit of the good life and justice, aligning with ethics to foster a flourishing life for citizens. The realization of human flourishing, encompassing moral development, economic prosperity, and education, is intrinsically linked to practical wisdom and the ethical conduct of both the government and its citizens, who bear reciprocal duties. Consequently, Raisi's characterization of the Second step document as "wise" and penned by a "sage leader" reflects a the link schema, emphasizing the interconnectedness of political and ethical endeavors.AnalysisIn his inauguration speech on August 3, 2021, Ebrahim Raisi employed three conceptual frameworks to articulate political antagonism and the relationship between ethics and politics. Firstly, he utilized the "container" schema to establish boundaries between "us" and "them," as well as "in" and "out." Secondly, he employed the "part-whole" schema, conceptualizing the government as a component of a larger whole. Thirdly, he employed the "link" schema to describe the interconnectedness of ethics and politics. Additionally, Raisi structured his argument around the three components of language, mind, and culture, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the relationship between politics and ethics.ConclusionThe metaphorical language employed to describe the government is derived from a dual-faceted mental model: Aristotelian virtue ethics and political exemplarity. Virtue ethics, while concerned with moral value, also seeks to answer the fundamental question of "how one ought to be." In the thought of Raisi and Islamic thinkers, the metaphor of "The Government Is a Ship," with the president and other authorities as its captain, aligns with the conceptual metaphor of "Life iIs a journey." This metaphor, by specifying an origin, destination, and potential obstacles, allows for the correction or confrontation of any deviations or divisions within the journey.
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