Foreign Policy Performance Investigation of the Ninth/Tenth Iranian Government in Economic Development Context
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مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه
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Foreign policy
Rouhani Foreign Policy and International Crisis Management (JCPOA and U.S Domestic Factors )
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
The Impact of Structure and Agent on Iran's Foreign Policy during the Second Pahlavi Era
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
How can Geopolitical Agents Restrain an Emerging Power’s Global and Regional Leadership? Evidence from Brazil(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
ژئوپلیتیک سال هجدهم زمستان ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۴ (پیاپی ۶۸)
268 - 298
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
The investigation of the content and circumstances of domestic influences on foreign policy outcomes constitutes part of the challenge of conceptualization in foreign policy analyses. This paper contributes to that research agenda, aiming to isolate and to analyze the crucial causal forces of Brazil’s international power projection (or lack thereof). To achieve these objectives, the paper uses the model of neoclassical geopolitics, emphasizing geopolitical agents’ perceptions and capacities as pivotal domestic variables, and undertakes an empirical test on a single case study of Brazilian geopolitical design (2003-2018). The paper adopts a qualitative phenomenological approach, operationalized by techniques of process tracing and discourse analysis. Results show that the deterioration of Brazil’s relative potential and the lack of improvement of Brazil’s position in foreign affairs are most likely explained by (a) geopolitical agents’ choices, which have made (b) South American integration a top priority with respect to Brazil’s geopolitical design
Conceptualization of Geo-security as an Interdisciplinary Approach (Case Study: Neighboring Countries of Iran)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
ژئوپلیتیک سال هجدهم زمستان ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۴ (پیاپی ۶۸)
314 - 338
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
As an academic field in the study of politics through geographic and naturalistic approaches, geopolitics gives various explanations to political phenomena. In addition, security studies are a new sub-branch of international relations that deals with security issues. Geo-security is a new interdisciplinary field of study that deals with the security of geographic relations between countries. It is a sub-concept of geopolitics. In an attempt to analyze geo-security, you can see that it consists of three main concepts: territoriality, conflict, and scarcity. Borrowed from geopolitics, social science, and economics, these concepts emphasize continuum relations of nation-states from war to peaceful settlements. Conceptualization of geo-security necessarily needs to claim that it can make a new understanding of relations among nations. The present research aims to analyze Iran’s foreign policy towards its neighboring countries. The findings not only show all the main issues about Iran’s relations with its neighbors, but also help to manage these relations and make a shift from a conflictual approach to a cooperative one.
Iran and Saudi Arabia: The Regional Competition of Soft Power(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
Soft power is one of the main concepts in international politics. Decision-makers and policymakers in this field seek to be able to achieve their foreign policy goals. Therefore, gaining international prestige and influence in public opinion are among the important and at the same time unspecified goals of countries' diplomacy in the field of international politics. Since the 1950s, the issue of soft power has entered the political literature of Saudi Arabia. This issue, which has long been the focus of Saudi officials, has originated from a variety of sources. An attempt is made, on the one hand, to describe the potential resources that have made it possible for the foreign policy apparatus of this country to be used, and on the other hand, to show the position of soft power in the country's foreign policy in the Middle East and the Islamic world, Also, what effect will this Saudi action have on the foreign policy of the countries in the region, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran. The question is, what are the main sources of Saudi soft power? And what are the consequences for the regional position of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The main sources of Saudi Arabia's soft power production include Cultural, economic, and international resources. In case of successful use of these resources by Saudi Arabia, it will have consequences for Iran such as reducing Iran's influence in the region, promoting anti-Shiism in the region, and weakening Iran's leadership position in the region.
Iran and China's Foreign Policy Strategy in Eurasia(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
China's foreign policy has undergone a real change since World War II. Since the economic recovery, Beijing has adopted a coherent and clear strategy for all regions, including the Eurasian macro-region. The research question is “what model can be used to analyze China's foreign policy strategy in Eurasia and what is Iran's position in this strategy?’’ In response, China's foreign policy strategy in Eurasia can be analyzed from the Western point of view according to the Hobbesian realist model, from the Russian point of view according to Locke’s competitive opportunity-threat model, and finally from the Chinese point of view according to the Kantian model of cooperation. The results also show that Iran is increasingly important in China's foreign policy strategy in Eurasia, but Chinese pragmatism under the influence of international sanctions has made Turkey and Pakistan the main priorities in the country's strategy in Eurasia. The purpose of this research is to examine the patterns of analysis of China's foreign policy strategy in Eurasia with an emphasis on Iran's position. The method of this research is case adaptation to the theory.
The Logic of Deterrence in the Foreign Policy of I.R. Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
The defense strategies of each country are a response to regional and international threats. Countries that have historically been under threat and aggression are more concerned about their existential security than other states. Iran's defense system is influenced by its strategic culture in various ways. This political culture, which has been formed and changed by facing numerous threats and challenges, significantly impacts the national defense approach. For this reason, the issue of security and deterrence has been a vital issue for different governments in Iran. Since the Iranian Islamic Revolution, Islam has been the core of the country's security and defense policies. For this reason, understanding Islam's approach to the concept of defense and security in Iran's foreign policy is essential. Consequently, using the discourse analysis method, this research investigates the hidden meaning in the texts to analyze the concept of deterrence in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article examines the religious logic of deterrence in the Islamic Republic by evaluating the oral and written documents and fatwas of the supreme leader. The findings of this research show that the nature of Iran's defense strategy in the framework of Islamic thought is based on an active deterrence strategy against regional and international threats and maintaining its second-strike capability to prevent the risk of war against Iran.
A Comparative Study on the Obama and Trump Administrations’ Foreign Policy Approaches
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Investigating the Effect of Modern Diplomacy on Foreign Policy based on Constructivist Theory
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
The Study of Islamic Republic of Iran Foreign Policy Orientation in Iraq (Post-Saddam) based on the SWOT Model(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
ژئوپلیتیک سال ۱۹ زمستان ۱۴۰۲ شماره ۴ (پیاپی ۷۲)
122 - 150
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
Providing strategy in foreign policy orientation makes the following categories important: the necessity of correct and complete understanding and manipulating of national power and strength; the requirements and characteristics of the external environment, governing rule and pattern in a regional and international environment; recognizing the opportunities, environmental vulnerability, and existing threats and many other factors. Due to the geographical and cultural proximity of the two countries, as well as their neighborhood, the expansive relations between Iraq and Iran are very essential which lead to security establishment in the Middle East. This study's purpose is to show the capability/validity of the SWOT model used in the Islamic Republic of Iran foreign policy orientation field in Iraq post-Saddam. The main question is this, “based on SWOT analytical model, what and how appropriate strategies can be presented in the Islamic Republic of Iran foreign policy orientation in post-Saddam Iraq?” SWOT model is based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in both internal and external dimensions. Developing strategies based on SWOT is the new point of the current article. The findings show that one successful tool in the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy orientation and policy-making in post-Saddam Iraq is a realistic understanding of Iraq's current situations. Proper analysis of opportunities, threats, and the associated strengths and weaknesses can determine Iran’s foreign policy orientation towards its fundamental and defined interests.
Georgia’s Foreign Policy from A Geopolitical Perspective (2008-2018); based on the Grand Chess Board Doctrine by Brzezinski(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
ژئوپلیتیک سال ۱۹ زمستان ۱۴۰۲ شماره ۴ (پیاپی ۷۲)
337 - 361
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
The Russo-Georgia war in 2008 interrupted Georgia’s membership in NATO and the EU. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Georgia was a proper destination for the western countries due to its geopolitical superiority, located between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. Georgia’s goal also was to obtain the conditions of the EU and NATO to achieve the membership of these two organizations as an Eastern European State. With the occurrence of war in 2008, Georgia’s Geopolitical situation changed. The research hypothesis is, by losing 20% of Georgia’s territory in that war, one of the main conditions for joining NATO and the EU which is the territorial integrity, was suspended. This research is based on the Grand Chessboard Doctrine by Brzezinski, marking the geopolitical factors of Georgia and the great powers’ interests in this territory. The main question of the article is “What are the main features of Georgia's Foreign Policy from the Geopolitical perspective from 2008 to 2018?” the hypothesis is, “Geopolitically, Georgia’s neighborhood with Russia and the August war in 2008 resulted the occupation of South Ossetia and Abkhazia by Russia, delayed the Georgia’s membership to EU and NATO and Georgia tilted toward the West since it needed to counterbalance its foreign policy with strong powers against Russia.” Therefore, despite the fact Russia tried to show the war was just an ethnic conflict, it was further than that, and Russia’s southern border security with a logical distance from NATO was the main reason for war.
Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence of Foreign Policy in Imam Khomeini’s Thought
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
Imam Khomeini’s political thought as the architect of the Islamic revolution had a great influence on the formation of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s foreign policy. What exists of his political thought also, is not out of the framework determined by Islam, a great part of which can be discussed within Shiites canon law. The main question in the present research is about the religious foundations of Imam’s political thought, the most important of which consists of “denial of domination of unbelievers upon believers”, “the principle of convocation to jihad”, “the principle of religious esteem”, and “commitment to international treaties” which will be discussed in this research.
US Strategy towards Islamic Awakening
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The Islamic awakening evolutions in the Middle East have changed the regional discipline in different aspects and affected the policies of regional and trans-regional actors since 2011. Meanwhile, the USA, which defined widespread interest in the region since the Second World War, encountered with the worst crisis than any other state. The present study investigated the USA interests in the Middle East and tested the effects of Islamic awakening on these interests. The main question of this study was the interaction and strategy of the USA in the Middle East for Islamic awakening. The result of this study indicated that the USA has put the measures such as direct military intervention and apparent changes in the ruling elite on its agenda to manage the military presence in the region and target countries, avoid reliance on one union, promote the secular Islamist model, have proximity to civil society and Islamists in the region, strengthen the human rights discourse and advance the process of reconciliation, and manage the challenges posed by the rise of Islamic awakening in the region in the long term.
The Foreign Policy Imperatives of the Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress
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The design and development of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress is a strategic action with extensive national, regional and international dimensions and requirements. The present article tries to review the requirements for the design of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress in the former and latter periods in the field of foreign policy and diplomacy, both at the regional and international levels. The main question of the present article is what are the requirements of foreign policy in designing and formulating an Islamic-Iranian model of progress at regional and international levels? The paper examines these requirements in both the former and latter periods. The former requirements for designing and developing an Islamic-Iranian model of progress include how to use the positive and successful experiences of other countries so that the religious, cultural, geographic and national characteristics of Iran are taken into account and the output of the pattern would be a native pattern. On the other hand, the development of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress, in such a way that this model has the capacity to be presented to the world and also the ability to be transferred to other communities on the level of neighbor, the region, the world of islam, as well as the international level, is one of the most important follow-up considerations.
Science and Technology Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation
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Today, most countries are aware that recognizing the capacity of international scientific and technological cooperation is essential to national interests. Therefore, cooperation in these fields can be included as a field with many capabilities to ensure the national interests of countries in the form of "science and technology diplomacy". Science and technology diplomacy means the use of science and technology and its capacities and achievements in the process of relations with other countries and nations as a mechanism for establishing new relations, strengthening relations between states, and increasing soft power for countries. Considering that Iran and Russia have a high international position in terms of science production; academic, scientific, and technological relations can lead to the national interests of the two countries. Accordingly, in this research, the existing capacities between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation in the field of joint scientific cooperation between the two countries are explained.
Exploration of Iran's Foreign Policy in the Balkans Region: A Case Study of Bosnia and Herzegovina(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
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The Balkans, in a specific sense, refers to the collection of countries in Southeast Europe that gained independence following the collapse of the former Yugoslavia, most of which are on the path to membership in the European Union. The Balkans, with its great ethnic diversity, is the intersection of three religions: Islam, Catholic Christianity, and Orthodox Christianity, and regarding its historical background, it is considered a crisis-prone area next to the European Union. Iran has long-standing deep cultural ties with the countries of this region, and the Persian language has historically held significant appeal among the intellectuals of this area. However, undoubtedly, Iran's presence and role in the Bosnian crisis during the 1990s is considered the most significant involvement of Iran in this part of Europe. The present study aims to explore the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Balkans region, emphasizing Iran's role in Bosnia. The results indicated that the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Balkans is consistent with the constructivist approach in international relations, and this region possesses considerable potential in cultural, political, and economic fields for the development of relations.
Détente Dynamics: A Neoclassical Realist Perspective on EU Foreign Policy in the MENA Region(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
World Sociopolitical Studies, Volume ۸, Issue ۳, summer ۲۰۲۴
559 - 588
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
In the post-2020 security environment of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, marked by the easing of Iranian-Saudi tensions, intra-Sunni reconciliation, the resolution of the Qatar blockade, and the signing of the Abraham Accords, the European Union (EU) sought to capitalize on the détente to advance its strategic interests. Compared to the other members of the so-called Western camp, the EU, which appears particularly vulnerable to its neighbouring region's instability, responded poorly to the emerging challenges and opportunities. Which factors explain the inefficiency of the EU to benefit from a permissive strategic environment and become more impactful in its broader neighbourhood? This article attempts to promote our understanding of EU’s foreign policy towards the MENA region through a Neoclassical Realist theoretical approach. Structural changes alone cannot explain the EU's failure to have a more prominent role in the region. Intervening variables, such as the role of institutions, state-society relations, and strategic culture, can shed light on the lack of policy cohesiveness and the overall inability of the EU to promote its influence abroad.
A Nation State with Multiple Identities: Egypt in the Middle East Transition(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
World Sociopolitical Studies, Volume ۸, Issue ۳, summer ۲۰۲۴
589 - 614
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Transition in the Middle East has been one of the most visible characteristics of the Middle East since the end of the Cold War. Having been probably the most penetrated region of the world, the international and the regional orders have always been closely, although mostly asymmetrically related. Thus, the transition in the international arena has been deeply impacting the regional scene, which, along the development from the Cold War through the unipolar moment of the United States to the post-hegemonic/post-US, has resulted in a relatively more independent regional order in the making. The new Middle East is still in transition, with the US having become one among several external actors, old regional powers returning and new ones emerging. But this transition changes not only the actors shaping the new regional order, but also some of the underlying concepts thereof, e. g. that of the regional power.The present paper aims at presenting one of the most ancient regional powers of the Middle East, Egypt, by analysing how the interplay of internal, regional and external developments and the re-identification of the Egyptian state (and society) contributed to its re-emergence as a regional power.
A Difficult Friendship: Elements of Continuity and Change in Iran-Iraq Relations in Post-Saddam Era(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
World Sociopolitical Studies, Volume ۸, Issue ۳, summer ۲۰۲۴
615 - 652
حوزه‌های تخصصی:
Considering that the greatest threat to Iran in the past 400 years has emerged from the geography of Iraq (from the time of the Ottoman rule and onwards), it must be noted that Iraq is one of Iran's most important neighbors. Therefore, continuous examination of the shaping factors in Iran-Iraq relations is crucial. Although the history of Iran-Iraq relations spans over a century, this article seeks to explore, utilizing a historical-comparative method and an analytical approach, the shaping factors of Iran-Iraq relations from 2003 to 2022. The argument presented in this article suggests that while Iran managed to expand its regional influence in the aftermath of the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime, and replaced the pattern of hostility and tension of the Ba'athist era with a pattern of interaction and cooperation, the element of cooperation and interaction in Iran-Iraq relations is gradually fading due to changes and developments at domestic, regional and international levels.