Media

Compared to traditional media, an important characteristic of modern media is that it taps on electric and electronic means and it has extensive coverage. The most important characteristic of traditional media is that it creates a face-to-face communication between addresser and addressees. Modern media has its roots in modernism and is a direct consequence of modern societies. Modern media especially visual media represent the dominant values in the society and has altered the function of family toward more individualism, and individual behavioral patterns. Under the influence of modern media, families are losing their traditional function and are experiencing new functions. A function geared toward more individualism and catering for the individual needs of family members, a function that challenged the traditional dominant values of the family. Among all the contributing factors, modern media in their various forms and comprehensive advertisements, have played a pivotal role in internalizing characteristics of modern world and specially individualism among family members. The current study aims to investigate the new functions of family in accordance with the role played by visual media in the modern society.

A life full of peace has always been a dream for human societies. Peace is still considered as one of the main modern world concerns, because each nation deals with its own kind of violence and war. Therefore, peacemaking has turned into one of the governments’ objectives. Peace has been affected by various factors in all over history. Media and communication technologies are two of the factors that influenced the peacemaking process in the past five decades. They play an important role in the efforts made towards peacemaking because they act as mediators amongst nations, governments, civilizations, organizations, and people. New media have turned into an important factor in the peacemaking process in terms of its widespread effects and extensive capacities. The new media’s importance is on a rise considering its presence in and effects on various aspects of our lives, like political, economic, and social dimensions at sub-national, national and international levels. It has also turned into an important instrument for performing the countries' foreign policies due to its features, along with earning a critical role in peacemaking diplomacy. The media could both be the harbinger of peace and the underlying cause of war with respect to its diverse functions. It could preach peace by sending peace messages inside and outside of the borders, and also by creating a peaceful notion in the people’s minds.

With the advent of the 21st century, the way characters and identities interact under the influence of dominant powers has brought a new world into existence, a world dubbed by Manuel Castells as the ‘Fourth World’. Within the Castellsian theoretical matrix of the Fourth World and politics of identity, the present study seeks to investigate the true nature of the futuristic world Margaret Atwood hascreated in the MaddAddam trilogy. The trilogy literarily reflects a global crisis that ultimately leads to dystopia and the destruction of the human race: what remains of humanity is a small group of survivors who must struggle to conserve what remains of humanity. Identity as the main determining factor in the Fourth World represents personal and public privileges, characteristics, and means of differentiating oneself from others. The Fourth World and its political peculiarities reflect contemporary powers, i.e. the power of the network society, network communication and media. Humankind, in this wheel, is just a toy in the hands of an intelligence broker. What exactly happens to human and semi-human characters in Atwood’s trilogy is the result of Fourth World structures andvalues, and how they shape and reconstruct identities to lead the world toward fabricated truths and values, and terminate in dystopia.

In the present era which is known as the era of communications and technology revolution, cyberspace is considered as one of the most important tools in shaping the public opinion. The role of this media in preventing crime from happening is of interest to scholars and thinkers. The current study analyzes the role of the media in preventing sexual harassment of girls in cyberspace, because cyber space can, with its media policy, be able to provide appropriate solutions to reduce crime. The research method applied in the course of the study is descriptive and analytical and includes library materials and case files available at Iranian courts as well as the Cyber Police department. It also takes into account interviews conducted with sexual assault victims through semi-structured interview technique. The snowball sampling gathered from 30 victims of theoretical saturation. The findings of the study include: 1- Cyber-sexual harassment with various forms such as: cyber-propaganda, cyber-distortion, illicit intercourse, etc. 2- Given that women and girls are the main victims of this crime, the best way to prevent it is situational and social prevention.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was the role of media in the function of social thought. Exploring the thoughts of human about the society leads us to this point that our behavior and our emotions are merely a function of the society and its culture. Methodology: Most of the insights in the culture of a society develop the thoughts, feelings and actions of individuals from one side and limit them on the other side. The main concern of Muslim thinkers i.e. "man" is how he reaches the ideal model of "a perfect man." The present study compares the human status from the views of Islamic thinkers and new social sciences. In the first section, the topics "fundamental concepts of social thought" and "studying the subject of rationality in society," and in the other section, "the function of the media in the various dimensions" have been examined. The research methodology is analytical, explanatory and documentary. Findings: According to the topics discussed, the researcher has come to this conclusion that the researches done by sociologists in the field of radio and television around the world, imply that a part of the major tasks of the media is reviewing the public opinion, reflecting changes in the socio-cultural context of the audience, the general tendencies of society in various economic aspects, increasing the level of technical and public awareness of society in advancing the community ruling culture also the rapid and unbiased dissemination of news and events at the global level. Media plays an effective role in the teaching and training of religious, ethical and cultural teachings. Discussion: This role is reflected through the recognition of cultural-social patterns and processes and rethinking of social ideas in the range of related subjects.

The present paper seeks to argue that consumption and media wield an unparalleled influence over contemporary American society, in a way that these drives constitute the primary means through which identity is constituted. Closely referring to Jean Baudrillard’s critical concepts, the present research contends that the fictional characters of Bret Easton Ellis, particularly in Less Than Zero, are prone to this postmodern world, where all experience via consumption has become fathomless, and traditional notions of identity have been changed. Ellis’s characters oscillate between the extreme poles of violence and ennui as they do their best to prevent their psyches from collapse amidst the surrounding turmoil caused by excessive consumption. Neither one of these alternatives results in any relief. In this type of literature, the protagonists are immersed in the contemporary world of consumption and the mass media. The primary interest here is on the effects of this immersion in the world of commodities on the major characters (Clay and Blair), and their reactions in the selected novel. Accordingly, dependence on possessions by the characters of the novel in order to isolate themselves from the threatening disorder of the post-modern world is the major concern of present study of the novel.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of peculiarities of the content types, which can be placed in social media and Ukrainian Internet media, its differences, types of manipulation, and methods of prevention, perception, and distribution of unreliable information, determination of difference between fact and judgment. The article also analyzes the statistics of social media usage in Ukraine and around the world, using Facebook as an example. Various kinds and types of media existing on the Internet and traditional, conducted a survey of the most popular content using the Starch method, it was possible to identify how a person perceives one content that is placed on different media. The relationship between content type and media type is established. The phenomenon of information restriction, arising as a result of modern algorithms embedded in the Internet companies and social media, their positive and negative aspects and why, therefore, we are deprived of a choice among a wide range of other topics, and learning some other points of view was considered. Examining the origin and meaning of the "Information Bubble" term, the authors propose to use a different term, "Membrane of Relevance", which, in their opinion, is more relevant to the essence of the said concept. The authors propose to use a taxonomy method to determine the impact of content on a particular type of media, which will greatly simplify the content analysis process.

 The aim of this study is to provide a model for promoting citizens' water literacy for sustainable media-based development. According to the purpose of this research, it is an applied and exploratory type that has been obtained by the method of Strauss and Corbin's systematic method of data foundation theory. Due to the qualitative approach of the research, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 experts in the fields of environment, water, social sciences, and communications using theoretical sampling. Then the data were analyzed and 1120 primary codes of open coding, 71 categories of axial coding, and 23 main factors of selective coding were identified. The main contribution of this research is the promotion of water literacy, which have been formed according to the causal conditions (targeting and policy-making in water literacy, water valuation, water attitudes, water skills, water knowledge, literacy promotion), the underlying factors (media diversity) as well as the intervening factors (media politicization, journalists' dependence on sources of power), which was obtained through the strategies such as a change in  educational system, pathology of educational master plans, interaction of industry, educational institutions and universities, promotion of social capital, interaction with media, audience, media greening, complete and rich media content, institutionalization of water discourse, agile media interaction. In the second stage, in order to weigh the causal conditions and strategies, hierarchical analysis was used. The results revealed that among the causal conditions, targeting and policy-making were the most important priorities in water literacy.

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : Awareness gap theory is one of the theories related to the sphere of influence of mass media. The design of the awareness gap theory initially included a simple relationship between the socio-economic status of individuals and the extent of the awareness gap between different groups. This means that the lower the socio-economic status of individuals, the less access they have to information, and vice versa; but later, it was not only the socio-economic base that determined people's access to information, but also their level of awareness of important issues related to social groups can be influenced by other variables such as people's interest or need for information. METHOD AND FINDING : A descriptive-analytical study of this issue shows that the gap knowledge theory does not mean the lower class is unaware of the available data and information, but claims that the growth of knowledge is relatively higher among high-ranking groups, and this information gap It will get deeper and deeper day by day. CONCLUSION : The basis of this theory is that the mass communication strengthens or increases the existing information inequalities. This research seeks to answer the question of what the theory of knowledge gap is and how its effects can be influenced by information inequalities.

The main purpose of this research is sociological analysis of media role by changing environmental behavior (case study about students of Payam Noor university of Ardebil). The research is accomplished by surveying method. The unit for analysis of research is people and especially students. Population of research includes 380 students of Payam Nour University which are recognized by Cochran formula. There is a significant correlation between hypothesis of responsible behavior and conscious behavior with the level of using media. Hypotheses about conscious and desired behaviors are rejected and there is not a significant correlation between them. Regression test also showed 0.018 that means below 1% by the variables of the research.

Objective: The purpose of this research is The effect of media tourism and sports diplomacy on product brands. Methodology: This is a correlational study and the statistical population of this study is PhD students in sports in Iran. Based on Morgan's table, 150 Individuals were selected by random method. In order to achieve the research goals, a comprehensive list of sports indicators was prepared and adjusted and a researcher - made questionnaire was developed. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 15 sports management professors and their reliability was in a preliminary study with 30 subjects and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to be 0.909 . Descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data using SPSS and LISREL software. Results: The results showed that the main variables have eight general dimensions of sport tourism, sport diplomacy, sports investment, sporting-cultural, sports exports, sports people-sports, sports achievements and media sports, and has a total of 50 indicators. Conclusion: According to the results of the research and the identified indicators, the proposed model is a suitable theoretical model for sport indicators affecting the brand of the country.

Purpose: Today, the media has an effective role in human life and based on this, the present study was conducted with the aim of providing a pattern of media influence on the spread of life insurance culture. Methodology : This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative. The study population was the managers of Iran Life Insurance Company in 1400 year, which based on the theoretical saturation principle number of 15 people were selected by purposive sampling method. To collect data were used from semi-structured interviews, which their validity was confirmed by the triangulation method and their reliability by Cohen's Kappa coefficient method was obtained 0.78. Finally, the data were analyzed by open, axial and selective coding method based on the grounded theory in Maxquda software. Findings : The results of the analysis showed that the pattern of media influence on the spread of life insurance culture had 79 indicators in 24 sub-categories and 6 main categories; so that the main category of causal conditions included 3 sub-categories of media management development, strengthening insurance culture and dynamic interactions, the main category of contextual conditions included 3 sub-categories of media patterns diversity, media awareness and cultural capabilities of mass media, the main category of intervention conditions included 3 sub-categories of media transparency, media space and audience characteristics, the main category of the central phenomenon included 3 sub-categories of media structural requirements, media management requirements and media forces requirements, the main category of strategies included 3 sub-categories of evaluation of positioning process, evaluation of target media selection process and evaluation of media channels and the main categories of outcomes included 3 sub-categories of competitive advantage, development of culture insurance and market and design practical strategies. Finally, the pattern of media influence on the spread of life insurance culture based on grounded theory was drawn. Conclusion : The results indicated the identification of many categories and indicators in the pattern of media influence on the spread of life insurance culture. Therefore, in order to spread of life insurance culture, it is necessary to provide the ground for improving the identified indicators and categories.

Our most important issue is the ambiguity and confusion in communication moral activism, so that it becomes very difficult to find an answer for it. But in my opinion, the most important strategy is to consider communication ethics as a new and interdisciplinary field and not a field that is only for communication. We must see the three categories of professional ethics, institutional ethics, and self-regulation ethics, especially in social networks, together and emphasize the openness of society and the strengthening of civil institutions as a prerequisite for the realization of an ethical society. In fact, a closed society and a society that does not have the power to choose is not a moral society. In this way, we can mention the fourth strategy: instead of emphasizing on restricting access to resources, we pay attention to educating the audience and increasing their communication ability and media literacy. My last word is that in order to advance the ethics of communication, we should think about independent media and provide the possibility of economic independence of small and large media. We must make the media compete and ensure their sustainable life so that the media do not die young. We must provide legal support for the media. This is a way to solve moral crises and communication crises

Sports has a potential to reinforce the elements in the cultural and social structures and creates them in a new form. The purpose of this study was to examine the spectators’ behavior pathology in sports stadiums of Guilan, Iran. The method of this study was descriptive in terms of strategy, survey in terms of execution, and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study was spectators, coaches, referees, and players in Guilan. The collected data were classified by descriptive statistical methods and were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and ANOVA. The Cronbach’s Alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the studied variables, and  the independent variables in the equation could predict and explain variances and changes in the dependent variable. Correlation between environmental factors and spectator behavior was 0.751 and the stadium in the occurrence of aggressive behavior was 0.474. The creation of corrective approaches in the current approach of media for popular sports and the reinforcement of the valuable and moral content of press and TV programs can be more effective. In addition, the necessary communication trainings for the responsible forces of the security of the stadiums and other executive factors of tournaments can be effective in order to respect for the spectators.

Purpose: One of the social problems of football spectators is their delinquent behavior and the reasons for this behavior. As a result, the aim of this study was identifying and ranking the effective factors in the delinquency of football spectators in Iran and its prevention strategies. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was quantitative. The research population was football spectators in Iran, which the sample size were determined 400 people and this number were selected with using available sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of delinquency of football spectators, which its face validity and reliability were confirmed and the data obtained from its implementation were analyzed with exploratory factor analysis test and Friedman's test in SPSS version 23. Findings: The results of the exploratory factor analysis test showed that the effective factors in the delinquency of football spectators in Iran were included the socio-economic factors, mental-psychological factors, managerial factors, events inside the football field and media, which whose content validity was higher than 0.60 and whose Cronbach's and combined reliability was higher than 0.80. Also, the results of Friedman's test showed that the most effective factors in the delinquency of football spectators in Iran were included the events inside the football field, managerial factors, socio-economic factors, mental-psychological factors and media, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, in order to reduce the delinquency of football spectators in Iran, respectively can manage the events inside the football field, improve the managerial factors, promote the socio-economic factors and mental-psychological factors, and optimize the media behaviors.

This paper focuses on the role of influencers as an element of modern governance. As the fields of media, entertainment industry, and politics become increasingly interconnected, the phenomenon of influencer potentially affects many aspects of political life, such as campaigning and voting, policymaking, and international affairs. Using the network analysis method and applying a triple typification of influencers consists of media influencers, influencer politicians in power, and influencer opposition politicians out of power, and selecting 245 nodes on Instagram accounts, the article focuses on how do influencers interact within communication networks? Based on the triple typification, the article tries to find the pattern of networked political communications between influencers in the social network. The results prove that all three types of influencers are more interested in intra-group communication. However, both influencer politicians in power and influencer opposition politicians out of power have relatively similar tendencies to associate with media influencers.

This analysis identifies the problem of the media saturation of people’s lives as a reason for developing programs teaching media literacy. It argues that the basic or foundational disciplines found in cultural studies, such as applied semiotics, psychoanalytic theory, sociological theory, and Marxist analysis, are the proper way to teach media criticism and media literacy (See Berger, A.A., Media Analysis Techniques, 6th edition, 2019). The methods by themselves are not adequate, which means that teaching media literacy also involves providing exercises and learning games that show students how to apply the theories they learn to their analyses of media texts (See Berger, A.A., Games and Activities for Media, Communication, and Cultural Studies Students,2004). Finally, it is suggested that media literacy should be taught at all educational levels. 

The primary objective of this research was to investigate the impact of new social media on the marketing of sports products in Iran. The research utilized a qualitative and applied methodology, focusing on experts in sports marketing and sports management professors as the research population. Data from interviews were analyzed through three stages of coding: open, central, and selective. Within the context of Internet marketing in sports, several key issues emerged, including the absence of a dedicated authority for Internet sports marketing, instability in sports management, lack of comprehensive regulations, and underutilization of Internet marketing in sports business processes. Traditional methods persisted despite economic challenges. The study concluded that the absence of a specific authority for Internet marketing in sports leads to confusion, improper monitoring, and potentially harmful marketing practices. Establishing consistent regulations is crucial to the development and institutionalization of Internet marketing in the sports industry.

The present study argues the relationship between the media’s power and the reconstruction of subjectivity in Zubaida’s Window, a novel by Iqbal Al-Qazwini. It is a description of the tortured psyche of the exiled woman and her attempts to reconstruct her displaced subjectivity among different versions of media’s Baudrillardian simulacra and to distinguish reality from unreality. Media’s depictions of death and war’s destruction can generate xenophobia among natives who may blame immigrants for their social problems and disturbing spatial harmony. Qazwini re-emphasizes that xenophobia can destroy an immigrant’s self-perception and trigger the preference for death. Moreover, the hyperreal versions of truth and ignoring the subaltern’s voice and revelation affect an immigrant’s mentality negatively and persuade her/him to prefer loneliness and death to have social interactions. This article focuses on the significance of media in the reconstruction of subjectivity, intensification of anti-immigration views, and the dark sides of modern war based on the interrelated theories of David Miller and Derek Gregory. Considering the issues of compulsory displacement and territoriality, Miller focuses on the ethical/political dimensions, while Gregory examines the causes of armed conflicts and geopolitical factors. By applying such an interdisciplinary approach, the researchers investigate Zubaida’s mental downfall, her failure in the reconstruction of subjectivity, and her inability to reconcile different self-images. This article examines her ceaseless effort to reverse the colonial power of media by adhering to her homeland’s memories, or watching her country’s news through TV’s representation, or ignoring spatial interactions, and lack of interest in self-renovation.