Aggression

The present study aimed at investigating the physical security dimensions affecting the security of volleyball stadiums in Iran. The study employed a descriptive-exploratory research method conducted on 115 managers and officials in volleyball stadiums, presidents and experts of Provincial Volleyball Boards as well as experts in the field of sports facilities and events as well as sports violence and aggression. They answered a 20-itme Physical Security Assessment Questionnaire extracted from the adjusted Stadium Security Questionnaire (Faraji, 2014). The collected data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The research findings indicated that physical security is one of the main factors affecting the security of volleyball stadiums in Iran. Control of toxic and chemical substances (0.91), internal control (0.90), peripheral environment control (0.70) and court entrance control (0.59) were considered as the most important factors of physical security on the security of volleyball stadiums (P <0.05). It seems that the strict implementation of the security inspection protocol for spectators, the adoption of appropriate security measures in the external environment of volleyball stadiums, the reform of the ticket sales system, and the use of new methods for distributing and selling tickets to control the court entrances can prevent spectators’ violent behaviors and increase their satisfaction. As a result, the security of volleyball stadiums can be fulfilled.

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between Willingness to Communicate and EFL learners’ Communication Apprehension, Self-perceived Communicative Competence, Self-regulation, Need for Closure, Tolerance of Ambiguity as well as Aggression. The participants of this study were 300 (197 female and 103 male) Iranian EFL learners of English language institutes in Isfahan. To fulfill the purpose of the study, participants were asked to answer seven questionnaires on Willingness to Communicate (WTC), Communication Apprehension (CA), Self-perceived Communicative Competence (SPCC), Self-regulation (SR), Need for Closure (NFC), Tolerance of Ambiguity (TA) and Aggression (Agg). The results of Structural Equation Modeling confirmed previous studies on the relationship between EFL learners’ WTC and SPCC as well as CA asserting that WTC was positively correlated with SPCC and negatively with CA. It was also found that WTC positively correlated with TA. However, the findings revealed no relationship between WTC and SR, NFC and Agg. This study had implications for EFL learners and teachers regarding the factors influencing WTC in language classrooms.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion regulation skills training on Aggression of students. The method of the present study was semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of eighth grade female students of the first secondary school in Baharestan city in Isfahan province in the academic year 2018-2019 (four schools). To select a sample, the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire were performed on all eighth-grade students of four schools and among the students who scored high in questionnaire, 30 were selected and randomly were placed in the experimental group (n=15) and the control group (n=15). Emotion regulation skills were taught to the experimental group during six sessions, then post-test was performed on the experimental and control groups. Data were analysed by univariate analysis of covariance as statistical method. Findings showed that the research hypothesis on the effectiveness of emotion regulation skills training on aggression of students has been confirmed and the students in the experimental group compared to the students in the control group in post-test were significantly less aggressive. Therefore, it can be concluded that the emotion regulation skills training on aggression of students is effective.

Objective:   This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and aggression with individual-social adjustment in married women referring to family counseling centers in Hamadan. Methods: The survey research method was correlational and its statistical population included all married women referring to family counseling centers in Hamadan in 2020. They were selected by simple random sampling. Data collection tools were the Collins and Read Attachment Styles Questionnaire (1990), Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992) and the California Socio-Individual Adjustment Scale (1993 ). Data analyzed through regression method and by the SPSS-22 software. Results: The results showed that among attachment styles, only between secure attachment style with increasing individual-social adjustment of married women. There was a positive and significant relationship and there is a significant and negative relationship between aggression and increasing individual-social adjustment of married women. Conclusion: It can be concluded that among the attachment styles, there was only a positive and significant relationship between secure attachment style with increasing the individual-social adjustment of married women. Also, there was a negative and significant relationship between aggression and social adjustment. In general, the results have shown that the attachment styles and aggression of married women determine their individual and social adjustment.

Purpose: the aim of the present research was to present an aggression prediction model in teenagers based on family cohesion and communication patterns with the mediating role of resilience. Methodology : this cross-sectional study was of correlation type. The research population consisted of second grade high school students of Tehran city in academic year 2019-2020. The research sample consisted of 500 individuals chosen through multistage cluster sampling method. They responded to the following instruments: Novaco Anger Scale and Provocation (Novaco, 1986), communication patterns (Ritchie and Fitz Patrick, 1990), family cohesion (Olson et al., 1985), and resilience (Connor and Davidson, 2003). The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations modeling in SPSS and AMOS 22. Findings : the results showed that the aggression prediction model in teenagers based on family cohesion and communication patterns with the mediating role of resilience had good fit. Further, conformity-oriented communication pattern did not have a direct significant effect on resilience and aggression in teenagers and indirect significant effect with the mediating role of resilience on aggression in them (P>0.05). However, the conversation-oriented communication pattern and family cohesion had a direct significant effect on resilience and aggression in teenagers as well as indirect significant effect with the mediating role of resilience on aggression in them (P<0.05). Conclusion : according to the obtained results, for reducing aggression in teenagers, the extent of conversation communication pattern and family cohesion can be promoted in them through organizing educational workshops.

The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral play therapy and narrative therapy on aggression and assertiveness of students with an educable intellectual disability. This study followed a quasi-experimental research design with a pre-test, post-test, and a control group. The statistical population included all students with an educable intellectual disability enrolled in Tabriz elementary schools, of whom 45 male students were randomly assigned to two experimental and one control groups (15 per group) using convenience sampling. The Shahim Aggression Questionnaire for Elementary School Students (2006) and the Gmbryl and Ritchie’s Assertiveness Questionnaire (1975) were used to collect data. After the pre-test, one of the experimental groups received a play therapy program while the other group received narrative therapy. Afterward, all the groups sat for a post-test. Moreover, although the control group did not receive any therapy, they were required to participate in pre-and post-tests and complete the questionnaires. The covariance analysis revealed a significant difference in aggression and assertiveness between cognitive-behavioral play therapy, narrative therapy and the control groups (0.001). Narrative therapy was more effective at reducing aggression than cognitive-behavioral play therapy, with an effect size of 69%. Additionally, narrative therapy was more effective than play therapy at increasing assertiveness, with an effect size of 74%.  Thus, narrative therapy and cognitive-behavioral play therapy can be used in conjunction to alleviate psychological problems in students with educable intellectual disabilities.  

Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the predictive role of psychological factors in the incidence of sports injuries (musculoskeletal) of elite male volleyball players. Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational research study design. The study was conducted with 150 elite male volleyball players in the Premier League of Khorasan Razavi province in 2020. In order to collect data, three standard questionnaires including, Sports Injuries Questionnaire (Esmaeili, 2014), Personality Traits Questionnaire (Eysink, 1975), and Competitive State Anxiety Questionnaire (CSAI-2) Rainer and Martens (1990) were used. In order to analyze the data in this study, SPSS software version 23 was used. Results: The results show that competitive anxiety can explain sports injuries (musculoskeletal) in the first model.. In the second model, when the somatic anxiety variable is added; Competitive anxiety and somatic anxiety variables can explain sports injuries. In the final model, the factors of competitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, self-confidence, risk-taking, excitement, and aggression can explain sports injuries. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that psychological factors play a role in the incidence of sports injuries (skeletal-muscular) of elite male volleyball players

Religion, as a set of beliefs, dos and don'ts, as well as specific and generalized values, is considered one of the most effective psychological supports that is able to provide the meaning of life in every moment of life and in special circumstances with explanatory supports will save a person from suspense and meaninglessness. The present research is of a comparative causal type and its purpose is to investigate the effect of religious attitude and emotional intelligence on the aggression of professional wrestlers. Data related to religious attitude, emotional intelligence and the effect of these two on aggression were collected from 100 wrestlers using religious attitude questionnaires, Shott's emotional intelligence questionnaire and Nelson's anger questionnaire. The results of the research showed that religious attitude and emotional intelligence have an interactive effect on reducing the aggressiveness of professional wrestlers. Based on the subjects' statements, the results showed that aggression among people with high religious attitude was lower than among people with low and medium religious attitude. The results of two-variable variance analysis also showed that the interactive effect of the two components of religious attitude and emotional intelligence on aggression is statistically significant, in other words, religious attitude and emotional intelligence have an interactive effect on the aggression component of professional wrestlers.

Sports has a potential to reinforce the elements in the cultural and social structures and creates them in a new form. The purpose of this study was to examine the spectators’ behavior pathology in sports stadiums of Guilan, Iran. The method of this study was descriptive in terms of strategy, survey in terms of execution, and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study was spectators, coaches, referees, and players in Guilan. The collected data were classified by descriptive statistical methods and were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and ANOVA. The Cronbach’s Alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the studied variables, and  the independent variables in the equation could predict and explain variances and changes in the dependent variable. Correlation between environmental factors and spectator behavior was 0.751 and the stadium in the occurrence of aggressive behavior was 0.474. The creation of corrective approaches in the current approach of media for popular sports and the reinforcement of the valuable and moral content of press and TV programs can be more effective. In addition, the necessary communication trainings for the responsible forces of the security of the stadiums and other executive factors of tournaments can be effective in order to respect for the spectators.

Background : Digit ratio (2D:4D) is a marker of prenatal androgen exposure that has been associated with behavioral parameters. Individuals with low 2D:4D are more aggressive and tend to engage in more physical activity. Aim: We examined the relationship between 2D:4D and physical activity, sensation seeking and aggression in mature and immature boys. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of Mazandaran male students aged 9 to 17 years in 2019-2020. The sample was 218 healthy, cluster randomly selected boys (13.77±2.4 y/o) from three schools with no health issues. 2D:4D digit ratio, physical activity, aggression, sensation seeking were measured. Pearson correlation analyzed variable associations. Significance was considered at P ≤0.05. Results : Low 2D:4D ratio was associated with higher physical activity (r≈-0.27), sensation seeking (r≈-0.3), and aggression (r≈-0.21), during childhood and adolescence ( P <0.05). These relationships among right and left hand 2D:4D ratios with physical activity and sensation seeking remained consistent across maturity levels ( P <0.05). Only immature boys had a significant association between 2D:4D ratios and aggression (r≈-0.29, P <0.05). Physical activity was positively associated with sensation seeking (r≈0.25, P <0.05), but not aggression in mature and immature boys. Conclusion : Prenatal testosterone organizes boys' physical activity and behavioral parameters, influencing the later development of sensation-seeking and aggression and greater participation in physical activity. The study has limitations such as a small sample size and a self-report method for assessing aggression. Future research should focus on behavioral observation methods with larger sample sizes.

Understanding the "security environment" is one of the main pillars of countries' security strategy. Unless a country's "security environment" is defined, any security planing will be useless. The "security environment" is usually assessed in terms of threats to that environment, but Shiping Tang in his famous article entitled "systemic Theory of the Security Environment ", offers a new approach to defining the 'security environment'. According to it, the "security environment" is considered as a "system" that is formed by several factors. In this study, while introducing the main parts of Tang’s theory, it examines five indicators "permeability of geographical barriers", "power of State", "behave with self-restraint", "robust constraint behalf international structure (structural constraints)" and "dominance of defense" that he presents about the good security environment of a country, is discussed and while examining the above five indicators, it is concluded that the "security environment" of the Islamic Republic of Iran is good (or desirable) and the likelihood of war is low. The purpose of this study is to apply a system-oriented theory in order to understand the security environment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in order to manage the threats posed by that environment by understanding the "security environment". The necessity of research also stems from the use of a system-oriented approach that has received less attention, because the theoretical effort of researchers has been focused on using the traditional threat-identifying approach in order to understand the security environment of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Background and Aim: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is one of the most common problems of children and adolescents and the reason for referral to psychiatrists and psychologists. Therefore, the aim of this research was to the effectiveness of parent-child interaction training on behavioural problems and aggression of children with ADHD symptoms. Methods: In terms of the purpose, the current research design was of an applied type and in terms of the method of conducting it, it was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up plan with the experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this study consisted of 6-10-year-old children with ADHD who were referred to a private counselling centre in the 10th district of Tehran in 1401. An available sampling method was used for sampling, and 30 people were selected, and 15 people were equally assigned to the experimental group and 15 people to the control group. In this research, the tools used included Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Buss & Perry's (1992) Aggression Questionnaire. Parent-child interaction therapy was performed according to McNeil & Hembree-Kigin's (2010) protocol on the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Statistical data was analyzed with spss software and using analysis of variance with repeated measurements, and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to check the stability of the effects of the interventions. Results: F values were calculated for behavioural problems (F = 7.63) and aggression (F = 10.74). It can be concluded that the effect of the group membership factor, or in other words, the treatment of parent-child interaction, has led to a significant decrease in dependent variables (p<0.01). The results of Benferroni's post hoc test indicate that the effect of parent-child interaction therapy on behavioural problems and aggression of children with ADHD was stable. Conclusion: It can be concluded that parent-child interaction training was effective on behavioural problems and aggression of children with ADHD symptoms, and this effect was stable.

Mindfulness training optimally has positive effects on cognitive, emotional and behavioral processes. In mindfulness training, experiencing pure reality is taught which means mindfulness training helps one to find the here and now without judgment and to accept whatever is happening in each moment without any comment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness training on aggression, mind rumination, and self-control in female students with low academic performance. This research adopted an applied and true experimental design with pre-test/post-test and a control group and the data were analyzed quantitatively. The statistical population included all female students of the Junior high schools in Tabriz with low academic performance in the academic year of 2021-22, estimated as 8395 people. First, through multi-stage cluster sampling, district 1 was selected from among the 5 educational districts of Tabriz and then three schools were selected from this district. Afterwards, through simple random sampling, 50 people were selected and randomly assigned to two groups with 25 participants as the experiemental and control groups. The experimental group received the intervention program of mindfulness training for 8 sessions of 2 hours while the control group continued its traditional method. The tools used to collect data included a self-control questionnaire (Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004), the aggression questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992), and the mind rumination questionnaire (Nolen-Hoeksema, & Morrow, 1991). For data analysis, in addition to descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk test, multivariate analysis of variance test (MANOVA),