درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the effects of the existence and development of religion on Islamic civilization. It employs the analytical and descriptive method to analyze the data. The Islamic civilization starts from the seventh century A.D. as the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was born in 571 and started his mission in 610 A.D. The paper found that religion was at the heart of every civilization and has been an integral, a constitutive element in all past civilizations. A close study of the history of the civilization of mankind in the world yields one the idea that it has been religion, which is solely responsible for moderating and organizing human behaviour. It is religion, which controls and moderates the human behaviour and instincts in the social life, and obliges its followers, with a set of laws and commandments, to submit to restraint. The only internal and external agent that prevents any exercise of barbarism and savagery is definitely religion. It seeks, by encouraging and impelling man, to remind him of his dignity, self and talents, and of his role in bringing them to bud and blossom and to perfection. It makes man enjoy a just relationship, a reasonable freedom, a safe economy, sovereign humanistic values, and on the whole, the sublime spiritual and material state. This matter is evident in crucial role of religion in setting up Islamic Civilization and its development both in religious thoughts and the manner of the Holy Prophet of Islam.

Knowledge, understanding, and attention to its levels, as well as recognition of the obstacles of each level are part of the fundamental principles in the mystical system presented in Mathnawi Manawi and the ancient Upanishads. The emphasis in these two mystical systems is prominent in achieving transcendental and intuitive knowledge in order to show more depth of truth to its followers. Therefore, the important question in these two mystical systems is the introduction and necessity of this intuitive knowledge and how to reach it. In this descriptive-analytical research, two important mystical texts, i.e. Mathnawi in ​​Iranian Islamic mysticism and ancient Upanishads in Indian mysticism, have been studied to answer the above questions. Mathnawi includes the levels of knowledge, from sensory knowledge to intellectual knowledge and finally to intuitive knowledge, which provides the basis for the discovery of the true self, and this intuitive knowledge is the transcendental consciousness. However, in the ancient Upanishads, which are the most important texts of Indian mysticism, these levels of knowledge and understanding are mentioned under the title of Pravidia and Apravidia, and the ultimate goal of this knowledge is to reach the same intuitive knowledge and discover the true Atman.

This study is concerned with coherence in seven translations of the Surah al-Naba’ in the Holy Qur’an. Considering Charroles’ (1983) descriptive model that establishing coherence may involve adding new information to the target text, it aimed to find the frequency of supplemental and explanatory coherence and reveal whether translating coherence may result in an explicated translation or not. For this purpose, Charolles’ (1983) dichotomous modes of coherence in translation, namely supplemental (implicitation) and explanatory (explicitation) was considered as the framework of the study. The data to be analyzed were selected according to the method of purposive data collection in sacred scriptures. Also, seven renditions of the Holy Surah al-Naba’ by seven celebrated translators were taken into account, and the coherence relations were discovered by the interpretations to unravel the frequency and essence of the translated verses. The results indicated that most renditions had the same coherence level compared with the source text, by providing only minimal information existing in the verse, which was most often in accordance with the mode of supplemental coherence. As the nature of explicitation is still hypothetical in translation, the results of the study would offer a great opportunity to improve renditions in case of Qur’anic translations.

اصل لزوم در عقود، یکی از مباحث بنیادین در فقه معاملات است که به استحکام و پایداری قراردادها می انجامد. در این میان، عقود تعلیقی همچون نذر، جعاله و مسابقه، به دلیل وابستگی تحقق یا اثرگذاری شان به وقوع یک شرط خارجی، همواره مورد بحث و اختلاف نظر بوده اند. برخی فقها به سبب این تعلیق، قائل به جواز فسخ چنین عقودی شده اند، در حالی که گروهی دیگر، با استناد به اصل استصحاب، تداوم لزوم را پذیرفته اند. مسئله اصلی آن است که آیا تعلیق در اثر عقد، ماهیت الزام آور آن را متزلزل می سازد یا آنکه اصل لزوم همچنان بر این عقود حکومت دارد؟ این پژوهش با رویکردی تحلیلی-انتقادی، ضمن واکاوی مبانی فقهی و اصولی، به ارزیابی دیدگاه های موافق و مخالف پرداخته و تلاش دارد با تبیین جایگاه استصحاب، لزوم عقود تعلیقی را اثبات کند. همچنین، تطبیق این اصول بر مصادیق معاصر همچون قراردادهای پیش فروش و معاملات مشروط، بُعد عملی این تحقیق را برجسته می سازد. به نظر می رسد که تعلیق در این عقود، صرفاً ناظر بر تأثیر آن ها بوده و تأثیری بر ماهیت الزام آورشان ندارد؛ ازاین رو، اصل لزوم همچنان پابرجاست و نمی توان این عقود را صرفاً به دلیل وابستگی به شرط، قابل فسخ دانست. بررسی های اصولی و فقهی نشان می دهد که ایرادات وارده بر جریان استصحاب در عقود تعلیقی قابل رفع بوده و پذیرش لزوم در این عقود، فواید متعددی به همراه دارد. نخست، این پذیرش موجب تحکیم اعتماد و امنیت در معاملات می شود. دوم، از تزلزل حقوق طرفین و اختلافات احتمالی جلوگیری کرده و موجب انسجام نظام حقوقی خواهد شد. سوم، در قراردادهای معاصر، پذیرش اصل لزوم از بروز آشفتگی در مناسبات اقتصادی جلوگیری کرده و زمینه ساز تعاملات پایدار و منسجم می شود. در مجموع، پذیرش لزوم در عقود تعلیقی، نه تنها پشتوانه ای محکم در فقه دارد، بلکه در عمل نیز از بی ثباتی حقوقی و اقتصادی پیشگیری می کند.