درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES:  Faith and righteous deeds are common concepts in the Holy Qur’an that are often used together. Hence, the question is to know what results can be obtained in life with faith and righteous deeds. This question includes benefit and purpose, earthly or supernatural consequences, immediate or delayed results, and individual and social effects. METHOD & FINDING: The article benefitted from a logical-analytical method. Conceptual, propositional, and systemic approaches analyzed the lifestyle and the relationship between belief and righteous deeds in the exegeses (Tafasir) of the Qur’an. Furthermore, this article used the comparative approach to classify the exegetical perspectives. Various studies have been applied in the article including the study of the effects of faith and righteous deeds, the connection between faith and righteous deeds as well as their impacts and consequences through establishing cause and effect between faith and righteous deeds as well as implications and proposal of a hypothesis that would require a methodological approach to the study. CONCLUSION: Faith and righteous deeds are the two wings of human promotion to attain humanity, and understand the Caliphate of God. To achieve purpose and dignity in the teachings of the Holy Qur’an, righteous deeds are the outward reflection of true faith. The combination and impact of the two vital elements of faith and righteous deeds in the soul and personality of man is stable.

Exegetical theories of human knowledge include human understanding of the divine word. No textual theory is formed in a vacuum. The prominent events and currents in the society, both political and cultural, create discourses in the society. Social events such as Marxism, liberalism, nationalism and other schools, the formation of international institutions and human rights, the occurrence of religious reformism, the fight against colonialism in Islamic countries, etc. during the last century created discourses in the society that caused changes in scientific attitudes and human and Islamic sciences, and then, the interpretation of the Qur'an. Compared to the traditional interpretation of the past fourteen centuries, these discourses placed in the form of a re-thinking or new-thinking interpretation. According to the claim of the immortality of the Qur'an, this validity is responsible for its relevance to the times. The interpretation and reading of the Qur'an is responsible for this update. Therefore, this article tries to refer to the effective discourses in recent centuries with the help of social issues and analytical approach and to measure the reflection of these discourses and the new and innovative opinions of commentators and researchers in the form of concrete examples of the impact of these discourses. The selected discourses are the discourse of religious reformation and return to the Qur'an, the discourse of new schools and isms, and the discourse of experimental sciences. However, there are definitely other effective discourses that cannot be discussed in this article. The purpose of this research is to gain self-awareness in discourse-oriented interpretations and attempt to conceptualize discourses. It is an attempt to provide a framework for some of the effective factors in interpretive innovation.

 SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: The truth and significance of knowledge are indisputable, as they represent one of the most critical metaphysical questions. This is why numerous philosophers globally have engaged in discussions on the topic. A prominent contemporary philosopher, ʿAllāma Ṭabāṭabāʾī, has extensively examined knowledge, its classifications, truth, scope, and the associated issues. This paper concentrates on one specific category of knowledge, namely al-ʿIlm al-Ḥuḍūrī (knowledge by presence), as articulated by ʿAllāma Ṭabāṭabāʾī and various Western philosophers.METHOD & FINDING: This article presents a comparative analysis of the concept of knowledge by presence, focusing on the perspectives of ʿAllāma Ṭabāṭabāʾī and various European philosophers. The research methodology employed in this study is a descriptive-analytical approach.CONCLUSION: The issue of knowledge by presence and its significance for ʿAllāma Ṭabāṭabāʾī and René Descartes is a definite and obvious matter. Baruch Spinoza is a philosopher who adeptly employed mathematical and geometric methods to articulate philosophical concepts with remarkable clarity and precision. The eminent German philosopher Immanuel Kant regarded the issue of knowledge as the central theme of his philosophical inquiry. From Heidegger's perspective, the inquiry into the provability of an external world is devoid of meaning