درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: Procrastination or voluntary delay in doing an important and necessary activity, despite the expected negative consequences that outnumber the positive consequences of delay, is a common phenomenon in the modern society. On the basis of various data, procrastination affects 20 to 95 percent of adults in western countries and studying this phenomenon is very important. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties and the factor structure of temporal focus scale and to study the mediating role of temporal focus in the relationship between procrastination and impulsivity- delay discounting. Methods: Four hundred people (279 females and 121 males) were selected through convenience sampling from universities of Kermanshah (west of Iran). They were evaluated by questionnaires of impulsivity, monetary-choice, pure procrastination, and temporal focus. Data were analyzed based on Cronbach's alpha test, intra-class and Pearson correlation tests, exploratory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Mplus software. Results: The results showed that the reliability of the temporal focus scale was appropriate using all three measures of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91), split-half reliability (Guttman split-half coefficient = 0.90), and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation = 0.78). Exploratory factor analysis led to the expected three-factor structure. The proposed model fitted well with the data. Temporal focus, urgency, and delay discounting had direct effects, and urgency and lack of perseverance had indirect effects (due to temporal focus) on procrastination. Conclusion: The Persian version of the temporal focus scale has acceptable validity and reliability, and given the little time it takes to be filled out, it can be a proper tool to be used in various situations. Temporal focus, especially focusing on the past, plays a unique role in negligence, and a closer examination of this variable may help to better understand the underlying mechanisms of procrastination.

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of organizational support on life satisfaction and job satisfaction of female coaches in Isfahan with the mediating role of work-family conflict. Methods:  It was a descriptive – field study and a practical one. The research population was female coaches in Isfahan and 206 coaches in sport complexes were selected through convenience sampling. Cammann’s questionnaire (1983) was used to evaluate job satisfaction, and Diener et al.'s (1985) questionnaire was used to measure life satisfaction. Netemeyer et al.’s questionnaire (1996) was used to assess work-family conflict, and organizational support scale of Eizenberger et al. (1996) was used for measuring organizational support. The reliability of questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha; and content, face and structural validity were also conducted to investigate the questionnaire validity. To measure the validity and fitness of the model, structural equation modeling by AMOS20 has been applied. Results: The findings demonstrated that “Organizational support” had a significant effect on “work-family conflict” (β= -0.37), “Job satisfaction” (β= 0.54), “Life satisfaction” (β= 0.48). In addition, “work-family conflict” had a significant effect on “Job satisfaction” (β= -0.31), and “Life satisfaction” (β= -0.26). Moreover, the Sobel test confirmed the role of the mediating variable. The fit indices also confirmed the research model fitness. Conclusion: According to the role of organizational support in decreasing the work-family conflict as well as the effect of work-family conflict on job satisfaction and life satisfaction, to pave the way for presence of females in sport field, sports organizations should plan their strategies by focusing on the concepts and results of this research.