درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Objective Given that social anxiety is a high prevalence disorder that affects the social functioning of individuals and one of its essential consequences in children and adolescents is a severe school dropout. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the quality of parent-child relationship in social anxiety of female high school students in the fifth district of Tehran. Methods  The present research method was descriptive-correlational and its statistical population included all-female high school students in the fifth district of Tehran. From this number, a sample of 348 people was selected by the available sampling method based on the Morgan table. Leibwitz (1987) and Pianta (1994) Parent-Child Relationship Scale were used to collect data and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data. Results The results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between the parent-child relationship and social anxiety (P <0.01). Conclusion  Finally, considering the quality of the parent-child relationship in predicting social anxiety, the development of any program to improve the quality of the parent-child relationship can lead to the prevention or reduction of social anxiety in adolescents.

Due to both experimental and theoretical controversies on semantic relatedness research in second/foreign language (L2) education, the present study provides an alternative approach by investigating English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners’ cognitive processing of semantically related and unrelated words. The participants were 38 Iranian EFL learners from upper intermediate classes at a private language teaching school. Employing a semantic priming experiment, the EFL learners saw a pair of words, and were asked to decide whether or not the target word (i.e. an adjective) was related in meaning to the preceding word (i.e. a noun). A two-way Repeated Measure ANOVA was run on reaction time (RT) and error rate (ER) data. Results of the study showed that semantically related words induced faster RTs than semantically unrelated ones, confirming the positive effect of the semantic relatedness in cognitive processing of L2 words. However, higher ERs in related conditions in comparison to unrelated conditions refer to a kind of confusion on the part of EFL learners.

Abstract Introduction and Objectives: Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and the use of quarantine to prevent it have increased psychological reactions like depression, anxiety and stress in the general population. Hence, the need to identify variables that can affect these psychological reactions is felt more than ever. The aim of this study was to predict the rate of depression, stress and anxiety during quarantine based on psychological flexibility, dysfunctional attitude and coping styles. Method The research design was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included all students who were active in the social media. A total of 501 students accessed the call for completion of questionnaires on online media, including Instagram, completed prepared questionnaires in the Google Form format. Measures included the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Questionnaire (DASS-21, 1995), the Revised Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-26, 1978), the Acceptance and Practice Questionnaire (AAQ-II, 2005), and the Lazarus and Folkman Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ, 1984). Results Psychological inflexibility, dysfunctional attitudes, and maladaptive coping strategies predicted depression, anxiety, and stress in a positive way, but problem-oriented coping strategies only showed an inverse relationship with depression. In regression analyzes, the variable of psychological inflexibility had the greatest effect on explaining depression, anxiety and stress. Discussion and Conclusion It can be concluded that teaching psychological flexibility and cognitive reconstruction can be useful in reducing depression, anxiety, and stress during the quarantine. Teaching problem-solving strategies can also have positive effects on reducing depression.

Using religious/spirituality (R/S) in psychotherapy changes the way clients look at their problems. Activation of Spiritual Dimension (ASD) based on attention on the two ultimate domains of perception filed, including "origin" and "resurrection" (hereafter) of existence, along with perceived "self" and "objective world" dimensions, as well as spiritual self-regulation, is the core of God-Oriented Spiritual Psychotherapy (God-OSP). The purpose of this article is to introduce the God-OSP protocol, its theoretical principles, content validity, and its clinical effect on psychological problems, especially anxiety, and stress. Both qualitative methods (such as content analysis and clinical phenomenology) and quantitative methods such as content validity index calculation have been used to analyze the data. The validation of the protocol was conducted with the rating of 10 expert psychologists that were familiar with both psychotherapy and religion content and self-reported rating scales and with 35 clinical psychologists and consultants that interest in participating in God-OSP. Results indicate that God-OSP with 5 stages, shows validation in expert psychologist rating and is also valid and reliable in self-report participant clinical psychologists. Spiritual action management, activation of innate intellect and God-oriented Wisdom, awareness of spiritual Identity, and real conceptualization of the core concepts of perceptual domains, are very important components of the protocol to ASD. The findings also showed that it is possible to design and implement the principles, mechanisms, and techniques of therapy for ASD based on Islamic religious sources. Therefore, it is possible to design effective interventions for emotional problems based on religious sources.