درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Safe extraction from oil and gas reservoirs in the seas and its transfer to the consumption market is among the most important concerns of energy-rich countries to secure their financial interests along with preserving the environment to increase the duration of extraction. The employer's requirement for the contractor to compile a report on the environmental effects of the work is one of the most significant initial steps in concluding the contract to estimate the risk, evaluate and manage the work. Apart from the legal obligations of the oil and gas contractor to comply with principles such as prevention and precautionary measures to prevent environmental damage, the contractor should take essential measures to prevent environmental damage through meeting the highest environmental standards in the field of exploration, drilling, extraction, maintenance and transportation, provision and usage of new methodologies, preservation of protected areas, non-interruption of others' access to water resources and preservation of mineral resources, dismantling facilities after the completion of the contract, and obligation to comply with the principles of the host country. Although contractors usually try to include a stability condition in their contracts in order to avoid more environmental obligations in the future, it seems that the principle of government ownership of natural resources can ignore this right at any time. The condition keeps environmental rules and principles as a priority. The present article has been compiled in a descriptive analytical way and in a library way.

International refugee law has its origins in the aftermath of World War II as well as the refugee crises of the interwar years that preceded it. In the context of the Syrian conflict, more than 3.6 million Syrian asylum seekers are under temporary protection in Türkiye. As this country is the number one host country for Syrian asylum seekers in the world. One of the current discussions about the fate of Syrian asylum seekers in Türkiye is their status after the end of temporary protection. In this context, the regulations on the end of temporary protection in Turkish legislation will be discussed in light of global standards on international protection. The aim of this study is to discuss Article 11 of the Turkish Temporary Protection Regulation in comparison with the UNHCR Guidelines on Temporary Protection or Residence Arrangements and International Humanitarian Law. In this context, the conditions for the termination of temporary protection, the legal and policy basis for a decision to return asylum seekers, the conditions for acquiring Turkish citizenship, and the compliance of Turkish legislation with global standards are discussed. This study will stand for a decision to terminate based on the voluntariness of asylum seekers in accordance with UNHCR guidelines.

In the past several decades, Islamophobia has emerged as a significant term in both popular and technical discourse. This term, regardless of its original meaning, is a construct that involves a variety of concepts such as “discrimination against Muslims” and “hostility toward Islam”. This article attempts to explore various aspects and manifestations of Islamophobia in the framework of human rights. The first part of this paper examines the historical background of the term as it was developed in the Human Rights agenda of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) to comprehend the legal aspects of Islamophobia. The second part focuses on the conceptual analysis of Islamophobia, distinguishing between two distinct forms of the term in the context of human rights. Defining Islamophobia and demarcating its manifestations in a human rights framework would facilitate a better understanding of both the term and its conceptual boundaries in relation to similar terms and concepts. The author concludes that the United Nations resolutions, OIC standards, and European Union initiatives recognize the importance of responsible expression and realize the need for legal frameworks to combat all forms of Islamophobia. In comparison to other associated terms employed in UN and OIC human rights instruments, Islamophobia represents an inclusive term that can provide a acceptable legal framework for all stakeholders.