درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

In recent decades, indiscriminate whaling in the oceans as well as marine pollution have caused harmful damage to the sea environment and the marine ecosystem of the oceans. Therefore, creating an international legal system and imposing legal restrictions on whaling have become necessary. Moreover, the approval of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) and the formation of an international commission to monitor whaling in international law were considered essential. In this article, using the analytical descriptive method, The Judgment of the International Court of Justice on Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand Intervening) has been studied.The findings of this researcher indicate that since Japan did not comply with the international regulations of whaling in the Antarctic, the government of Australia instituted a proceeding against the government of Japan in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and New Zealand intervened. Considering the importance of the issue and the consequences of the ICJ's judgment on whaling and the legal implications and position of whaling in international environmental law. This article hypothesizes that the international whaling regulations and the environmental approach of states towards the concept of the common heritage of mankind and erga omnes resulting from it can become the basis for the development of international environmental rights and international judicial procedures. Moreover, this paper hypothesizes that these international rights and judicial procedures are influenced by the decisions issued by the ICJ.

Carrier’s obligation of seaworthiness is among the controversial areas in legal systems around the world. Despite The interpretable concept of the commitment to seaworthiness, the damage caused by its violation is not limited to cargo or passengers. Carrier’s negligence of this legal requirement may also cause a ship to sink or sustain damage. Nevertheless, lack of clarity about the bilateral attention of commitment to the supply of seaworthiness to ships in addition to cargo or passengers can lead to the identification of this requirement based on legal regulations. The burden of proof in this case could be based on proved fault in contrast with the liability for cargo or passengers. Finally, it is necessary to highlight the importance of identification of such liability for the carrier in maritime law due to the deterrent effect. To achieve the aim of this study, a descriptive method will be conducted in this paper analyzing the carrier liability from a new angle by considering the ship damage resulting from the violation of commitment to the supply of seaworthiness.

This study was conducted with the aim of designing a leisure model for cultural figures in the port city of Nowshahr with an emphasis on beach and sea sports. Based on the purpose, this research was an applied research, and based on the data collection method, it was a survey-descriptive research. The statistical population of this study consisted of all educators of Nowshahr who use the beaches of Nowshahr for leisure; a total of 285 educators from Nowshahr were selected as a sample. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire including four sections of demographic information, factors affecting leisure time, leisure time constraints, and how to spend leisure time with 49 questions. According to the objectives of this study, the correlation method and the component ranking method were performed by Friedman test using SPSS software. The results showed that social and cultural factors, safety and security, human factors, socializing with friends, and physical health and fitness, respectively, showed the highest average rank in determining the factors affecting the way cultural figures spend their leisure time in Nowshahr-port city; The results also showed that the lack of facilities; The limitations of environmental and health problems and the limitations and costs of financial issues showed the most limitations in the way of spending the leisure time of the cultural figures of Nowshahr-portcity, respectively. On the other hand, the results showed a correlation between active leisure time with physical health and fitness; Socializing with friends, human factors; There was a significant relationship between safety and security and social and cultural factors; Also according to the results between inactive leisure with physical health and fitness; Socializing with friends, human factors; There was a significant relationship between safety and security and social and cultural factors.