درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This paper has investigated the role of search and matching frictions in a monetary model and examined if the Friedman rule, advocating a rate of deflation equal to real interest rate, is still right. We defined a dynamic programming problem in which money is situated in the model by cash in advance constraint, and used a numerical method (value function iteration method) to solve the pre-mentioned problem. Also, in this paper, the concept of the homogenous agent is substituted by the heterogeneous agent, and there are two groups of agents, namely unemployed and employed agents. The difference between the two divergence groups is indicated by different constraints in this study. According to our model, the Friedman rule will not maximize the aggregate welfare of the assumed society with this new friction. It is noteworthy that the parameters of the numerical model have been derived from the United States economy and the essay is theoretical. The results can be applied in different economies with their specific parameters. Also, the study offers some implications to central banks. JEL Classification: E52, E24, C78.

Although the prevalence of COVID-19 pandemic and the worldwide periodic lockdowns, and travel restrictions have heavily damaged tourism destinations, however some theorists believe that the channels and intensity of adverse effects of COVID-19 are not even in different tourism destinations and it may depend on the tourism form that the destination is endowed with. The purpose of this research is to fulfill a comparative survey between two different tourism destinations that enjoy two different tourism forms, including pleasure tourism (Ganjnameh region) and commercial based tourism (Lalejin region) in Iran and try to explore the different complex aspects of COVID-19 effects on tourism industry and compare sustainability of both tourism forms. In order that, we apply Grounded Theory (GT) model and relay on qualitative data gathered by face-to-face interviews with 40 participants who are engaged in tourism related businesses in sample destinations. In according to the results, this study critically derives 4 different aspects of complexity of the situation arisen from corona virus pandemic on tourism sector in Ganjnameh and Lalejin including: resilience strategies and sustainability, change in tourist behavior, change in the tourism industry, and aggravating factors. In addition, the results showed that changes to tourism as a result of COVID-19 is complex and uneven in two different tourist destinations. Moreover, we realized that the economic statues of Ganjnameh region which is widely depend on pleasure tourism is more vulnerable to unexpected tourism crises compared to the Lalegin region, where the economics of a big bulk of habitants depends on commercial tourisms and handicrafts. Therefore, the commercial based touristic destinations looks more resilient and sustainable in comparison to pleasure tourism formed destinations. This study released valuable information about current statues and future concerns about tourism industry and offers suitable policy implications to cope with COVID-19 effects during and after Corona crisis.

This study investigates monetary and financial shocks on macroeconomic variables, focusing on the role of banking intervention. For this purpose, a Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model is designed for Iran’s economy that involves financial and banking sectors. The results of the model simulation show that the financial accelerator theory works in the Iranian economy. Also, the intermediary role is confirmed by the impulse response function. In other words, economic policies can impress on macroeconomic indicators more when banks intervene in the economy. Therefore, to control the effects of economic shocks on banks' performance, it has been suggested that monetary policymakers pay attention to the important roles of financial markets in the transfer mechanism and monetary policy intensity. On the other hand, because of mandatory rules of interest rates determination, banks have to establish a commission and nonprofit services instead of sharing income to decrease the effect of economic shocks.

The technological revolution has spread over today's world, and it is clearly seen in banking, especially electronic banking. E-Banking has many dimensions, criteria, and components, and judging its progress based on dimensions leads to difficulty and bias. There is also a lack of comprehensive information references in the literature. Therefore, introducing a combinational index to accurately assess its progress is inevitable. In this research, the E-Banking Progress Index (E-BPI), which focuses on the infrastructures and the tools of e-banking and has five dimensions: Technical and Communicational Infrastructures; Services; Cultural-Educational Infrastructures; Security and Supervision; and Legal-Regulatory Infrastructures is created. It also has several applications in investigating the progress of e-banking in a bank or a country and comparing it among banks or countries. This research, using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), leads to the introduction of a combinational index to measure the progress of e-banking, which is able to analyze its strength and weakness. E-BPI provides a score between 0 and 1. The more the score, the stronger the e-banking is.