financial crisis

The Asia-Pacific region generates over half of global economic activity (54.2%) and about 43.7% of global trade, and is the most dynamic region in the global economy. At the core of this is an increasingly dynamic, vibrant and entrepreneurial small-medium sized enterprise sector. Advances in information and communications technology, market liberalisation and moves towards closer regional economic integration (e.g. ASEAN, and prospective ASEAN+1, ASEAN+3, ASEAN+5 and ASEAN+6 arrangements) provide new opportunities, as well as new challenges, for regional small business entrepreneurs. In conjunction with these developments has come the increased recognition by regional governments, particularly in the wake of the 1997-98 financial and economic crisis, of the need for expanded entrepreneurial activity in the context of small businesses for the generation of regional income, employment, exports, investment, economic growth, poverty alleviation and regional development. This would also facilitate comprehensive restructuring of corporate sectors, with the aim of improving transparency, improving corporate governance, developing globally competitive enterprises, and further developing the region’s burgeoning and economically significant production networks. This paper reviews the contribution of small-medium sized business entrepreneurs in the Asia-Pacific region, the challenges and opportunities they face in the context of globalisation and regional developments, key capacity building areas, government support measures and potential competitiveness strategies for their survival and development.

The objective of this paper is to explore the effect of financial crisis on trade flows of steel industries in the major Asian-Pacific steel producing countries. Using a static and dynamic panel data analysis, we test the hypothesis that the global financial crisis has a negative effect on Asia-Pacific bilateral steel trade flows. We also examine the role of regional trade integration in bilateral steel trade in Asia and Pacific. The underlying assumption is that such integration contributes to increase trade relations and possibly adjust the imposed costs of financial crisis on the sector. To this end, we use cross-sectional data on steel trade flows of the selected Asian-Pacific countries over a specific period (2002-2006). The study is based on an extended gravitational model, in order to incorporate the main gravity variables and qualitative factors as well. The implication of this study can be towards implementation of an integrating block of steel industry by collaborating different countries in Asia and Pacific. This creates a larger regional steel trade market, and leading possibly to reduce the global or regional crisis.

The objective of this paper is to explore the effect of financial crisis on trade flows of steel industries in the major Asian-Pacific steel producing countries. Using a static and dynamic panel data analysis, we test the hypothesis that the global financial crisis has a negative effect on Asia-Pacific bilateral steel trade flows. We also examine the role of regional trade integration in bilateral steel trade in Asia and Pacific. The underlying assumption is that such integration contributes to increase trade relations and possibly adjust the imposed costs of financial crisis on the sector. To this end, we use cross-sectional data on steel trade flows of the selected Asian-Pacific countries over a specific period (2002-2006). The study is based on an extended gravitational model, in order to incorporate the main gravity variables and qualitative factors as well. The implication of this study can be towards implementation of an integrating block of steel industry by collaborating different countries in Asia and Pacific. This creates a larger regional steel trade market, and leading possibly to reduce the global or regional crisis.

Exchange-traded derivatives, i.e., futures and options are the most powerful financial instruments in financial markets for hedging policies aimed at managing the price risks which are originated in physical markets as well as for speculative strategies. After a brief reference to the nature of these instruments, we have shown in this paper that derivatives, which are basically advanced innovations in financial studies, can be extremely risky and complex in practice, hence may be considered as a constant threat to international financial stability. Despite the presupposition of financial economists that innovation is the engine of growth and “capitalism’s foundational energy”, we have concluded that the widespread application of derivatives during the past two decades together with the complexities of hedging and speculation strategies, which can be misused by financial investors, can be considered as one of the main causes of the failure in market discipline mechanism which manifested in the financial crisis of 2008 and its aftermath. The effectiveness of financial regulation is a challenging question which naturally arises in this context.

Although capital inflows affect positively economies in long-run, it is possible to generate somehow destructive effects if there is no any control on financial markets. This study tries to explore main determinants of large capital inflows episodes to emerging markets. It is also investigated whether the large capital inflows episodes lead to financial crises in forms of sudden stop phenomenon, currency and banking crises. To this end, annual data for 44 emerging countries have been used during 1970-2011. The empirical results have shown that the lagged period of large capital inflows episodes (so-called as the bonanza phenomenon) and the related contagion are most important variables to explain these phenomena in international capital markets. Overall, the results indicate that herding behavior is a key determinant of bonanza episodes in the selected emerging market countries.

یکی از ابزار های مهم و موئر در توسعه اقتصادی کشور، نظام بانکی کارآمد است. بانک ها، از بخش های اصلی در فعالیت های مالی هستند.  یکی از ویژگی های مهم بانک ها و موسسات مالی، سود آوری و بازدهی آن هاست. هم بازار سرمایه و هم بازار پول می بایست در اندیشه ایجاد راهکارهایی برای خلق ابزار های مختلف تأمین مالی برای پشتیبانی از تولید، سرمایه گذاری و اشتغال باشند. در بازارهای مالی اسلامی، صکوک مهمترین اوراق بهادار مالی اسلامی است. صکوک به گونه ای طراحی شده است که با قوانین اسلامی سازگار باشد. این ویژگی صکوک آن را تبدیل به یک منبع مهم برای تأمین سرمایه برای ناشران بیرو  از جهان اسلام کرده است که به دنبال دستیابی به نقدینگی ارائه شده توسط سرمایه گذاران اسلامی می باشند. صکوک پرتفوی سرمایه گذاران را تنوع می بخشد و فرصت های سرمایه گذاری در دارایی جدید را ارائه می دهد، و از طرفی ناشران می توانند از نقدینگی فزآینده حاصل از تقاضای در حال رشد در میان شمار زیادی از سرمایه گذاران نهادی و فردی برای ابزارهای سرمایه گذاری سازگار با شریعت، منتفع گردند. هدف اصلی این پژوهش تحلیل مقایسه ای تاثیر توسعه بازار صکوک بر سودآوری بانک ها در بانک های اسلامی و متعارف است. برای دستیابی به هدف فوق، اطلاعات 15 کشور در حوزه خلیج فارس در بازه زمانی 2014 تا 2021 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای آزمون فرضیه های پژوهش، از روش رگرسیون چندمتغیره به روش داده های ترکیبی استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان داد توسعه ی بازار صکوک سودآوری بانک های اسلامی را افزایش می دهد. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد که توسعه ی بازار صکوک تاثیری بر سودآوری بانک های متعارف ندارد. علاوه بر این نتایج نشان داد بحران کووید 19 تاثیر توسعه بازار صکوک بر سودآوری بانک های اسلامی و متعارف را تعدیل نمی کند.