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The fusion of Information Communication Technology (ICT) and open educational resources (OER) has brought about a transformative wave in global education, elevating both student engagement and academic performance. Despite these positive strides, persistent challenges such as gender-based technology disparities and social factors remain prevalent. The COVID-19 pandemic has acted as a catalyst, accelerating the adoption of OER. This study examined availability and accessibility of open educational resources in distance learning centers in Oyo state A descriptive survey research design was adopted, the study gathered data through a Google Form-based online questionnaire, reaching 500 open educational students across three distance learning centres, 381 valid responses were retained for analysis, which was performed using SPSS software. The findings unveiled that open educational resources were available in distance learning centers, predominantly through e-library platforms. Students possessed access to essential devices and could connect to OER through their centre’s website and free Wi-Fi. A noteworthy negative correlation between resource availability and access was identified. Furthermore, a significant gender-based difference was noted, favouring male students with higher access to OER compared to their female counterparts. The study affirmed the availability of open educational resources in distance learning canters and the students' access to these resources. Recommendations included efforts to enhance availability, improve student access.

In the literature of school leadership, two perspectives often conflict. The first is a rational perspective that focuses on the truth-seeking and truth-accepting nature of humans, while the second is a political perspective based on the premise that different groups within a school have varied interests and desires, which they pursue through power struggles. This research aimed to examine these two perspectives in schools to determine which can explain the mechanisms of the school. To achieve this goal, an explanatory mixed-methods strategy was employed. In the first phase of the research, quantitative data were collected to compare and measure the effectiveness of school principals in regular and gifted schools in Kashan. For this purpose, one exemplary school and eight public (regular) schools were selected using stratified sampling. The quantitative data collection tool was Parsons' standard questionnaire for school management effectiveness. The results of the quantitative phase indicated that the management of exemplary schools was more effective than that of public schools. In the second phase, a phenomenological strategy was used to explore whether public school principals accepted that these findings could be utilized in educational policy-making. In this section, eight public school principals were selected and interviewed. The results showed that none of the public school principals, contrary to the assumptions of the rational perspective, accepted these findings, and they employed various political strategies to defend their performance. These findings suggest that the political perspective can explain many realities of school management.

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of synergistic leadership of school principals and systematic innovation of school organization in organizational entrepreneurship with the mediation of organizational ambidexterity and teachers' productive behaviors. The research population was all the teachers of technical and vocational schools in Tehran province, and a sample of 364 teachers was selected from this population using proportional stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. The quantitative research method is correlation studies and covariance-based structural equation modeling approach. In order to collect data from the researcher-made Synergistic leadership questionnaire; the researcher-made Systematic innovation questionnaire; the Organizational ambidexterity questionnaire of Jansen (2006); the researcher-made Teachers' productive behaviors questionnaire; and the Organizational entrepreneurship questionnaire of Hughes & Morgan (2007) were used. The reliability and validity of questionnaires were evaluated by the Cronbach's alpha techniques, content validity ratio, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In order to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses, correlation matrix analysis and structural equation modeling were used by SPSS 25 and LISREL 10.5 software. The results showed that: synergistic leadership and systematic innovation had a direct, positive and significant effect on organizational ambidexterity, teachers' productive behaviors and organizational entrepreneurship. synergistic leadership and systematic innovation had a positive and significant indirect effect on organizational entrepreneurship through organizational ambidexterity and teachers' productive behaviors. The variables of synergistic leadership, systematic innovation, organizational ambidexterity and teachers' productive behaviors were able to explain 0.37 of the variance of organizational entrepreneurship

Health and safety management improves the mental and emotional balance of teachers. Professional burnout is a major problem that many physical education teachers face. This feeling often leads to negative pedagogical results, which in turn leads to teacher fatigue. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between health and safety management and physical education teacher burnout, relying on the mediating role of resilience. This study is a descriptive survey. The research community consisted of physical education teachers of West Azarbaijan province in the academic year 2022-03, and 200 of them were selected according to the available sampling method. Data collection was done using a questionnaire and data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling method. SPSS 23 and SMART PLS 3 were used to investigate the research purpose and analyze the data. The results obtained show that the measurement and structural models are appropriate. The research results show that safety management has a negative and significant influence on physical education teachers' burnout, as well as resilience on burnout, but the research results show a positive influence of safety management on physical education teachers' resilience. The more the school administration focuses on health and safety aspects

     In organizational interactions and communities, professional learning communities have gained more attention from managers due to their sustainable benefits for human resources and organizations, which contribute to growth and development. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation based on structural equations as a method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all primary school teachers in District Two of Urmia, totaling 1,236 individuals. The sample size was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table, resulting in a selection of 291 individuals. A cluster random sampling method was employed. Data were collected based on four questionnaires: Brown et al.'s (2005) Ethical Leadership Questionnaire, Hu et al.'s (2015) Professional Learning Communities Questionnaire, Eisenberg et al.'s (2001) Normative Commitment Questionnaire, and Jangman et al.'s (2005) Teacher Decision-Making Participation Questionnaire, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.91, 0.91, 0.87, and 0.85, respectively. The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by experts and through SPSS analysis. Data analysis was conducted using Smart PLS 3 software. The results indicated that ethical leadership has a positive and significant impact on professional learning communities, and normative commitment plays a mediating role in the relationship between ethical leadership and professional learning communities. However, participation in decision-making does not play a moderating role in the relationship between ethical leadership and professional learning communities.

research was conducted with the aim of investigating the lived experience of professors of formative evaluation during virtual education. This research was done using qualitative approach and phenomenological design. In order to collect data, semi-structured qualitative interview was used. The number of people participating in the research was 10 professors of Bu Ali Sina University, which was achieved by using targeted sampling, after conducting 10 interviews, and audio and visual recording and their content were implemented in textual form. Interview data were analyzed in three stages of open, central and selective coding to classify concepts and categories. In-depth analysis of professors' views led to the identification of factors in three areas. The findings of the research showed that the quality of students' learning was based on the implementation of formative evaluation in the form of meaningful and qualitative learning. Also, two major challenges include weakness in evaluation culture and human resources and weakness in infrastructure and facilities, and strengthening the pedagogical knowledge of professors is the most important strategy to improve the quality of formative evaluation. As a result, paying attention to these factors can lead to the high-quality implementation of formative evaluation in the course of virtual education.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between teachers' self-efficacy and their tendency for integrating technology in teaching. Additionally, the contribution of teachers' self-efficacy variables in predicting their tendency to use technology in teaching is measured. This research is applied in terms of its objective and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. A sample of 175 teachers (109 females and 66 males) from the Safir Gofteman Institute were selected as the participants considering convenience sampling method, while the statistical population encompassed 324 teachers. The participants completed three questionnaires: Skaalvic and Skaalvic Norwegian Teacher’s self-efficacy scale with Cronbach’s alphas of 0.98 , Browne’s Technology Integration confidence scale (2009) with Cronbach’s alphas of 0.95 and a demographic information questionnaire. It is indicated that the teachers’ self-efficacy and technology integration intention are at satisfactory level. Correlation between self-efficacy and technology integration intention is .30 which shows positive direct relationship between these two variables. Moreover teachers’ self-efficacy is of power to predict teachers’ intention to integrate technology in teaching.

This study investigates the ideological dimensions of media representation of the Russia-Ukraine crisis by comparing British and Arab online newspapers. Grounded in Fairclough's framework of Critical Discourse Analysis, this paper investigates the narrative structure of The Guardian, The Sun, Arab News, and Gulf News in representing the conflict and how sociocultural and political contexts influence language use and framing strategies underpinning the ideologies. The study shows that British media, most especially The Guardian and The Sun, claim to mainly reinforce Western geopolitical narratives by framing Russia as an aggressor and Ukraine as a victim of war, emphasizing themes of democracy, aggression, and victimization. However, the media in the Arab world, such as Arab News and Gulf News, afford a more balanced approach that focuses on regional concerns like economic stability, humanitarian issues, and neutrality; on the other hand, it also covers a broad spectrum of views. Using such a comparison, this study exemplifies and contrasts the different ideological roots of media discourse within diverse cultural and political contexts. By pointing out how sociopolitical priorities and cultural values shape media framing, this study contributes to an understanding of the role that media plays in building global public opinion about international conflicts, more precisely in how media from different regions may frame the same event quite differently. This thus underlines the importance of cross-cultural media literacy and gives insight into the power of media in the perception-shaping process of a conflict.