درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

To address the potential of the incorporating of output-based tasks, this quasi-experimental research compared the impact of two kinds of output tasks, namely dictogloss and editing text, on the development of grammatical knowledge of Iranian EFL learners. The study sample consisted 24 female learners studying at the high-school level in Iranshahr, Sistan and Balouchestan Province. They were divided into three groups, each containing 8 participants. The groups under the study were the control group, dictogloss group, and text editing group. The target structure was the passive voice. T-test and post hoc Tukey were utilized for the analysis of the data. The study results advocated the superiority of experimental groups over the control group. Moreover, it was shown that there are no statically significant differences between dictogloss and text editing groups in terms of grammatical development. It was concluded that output-based tasks in the form of dictogloss and editing tasks are beneficial in enhancing the grammatical knowledge of Iranian EFL learners regarding passive voice. 

An efficient road network remains among the topical issues in the international urban development forum. This is because roads link interrelated land uses in addition to connecting them with the contiguous metropolitan areas, thus a key contributing factor for an accelerated socio-economic uplift. To sus tain this, planning s tandards that delimit urban road reserves are usually prepared and enforced through development control to ensure that roads are exclusively maintained for their intended purpose.  This s tudy, therefore, through a case s tudy was undertaken in Kisii Town, Kenya inves tigates the extent to which the unauthorized developments on urban road reserves are regulated. It was s teered by the public interes t theory of regulation by targeting residential developments which were proportionately and randomly drawn from the seven residential neighbourhoods. Data were collected using a high-resolution satellite image and a ques tionnaire. Data analysis relied on GIS, t-tes t, logis tic regression, and linear regression. Research findings demons trated a s tatis tically significant difference between the approved physical planning s tandards that are used in regulating road reserves and the extent of compliance by developers. Compliance generally declined by a mean of four metres, signifying that the County Government of Kisii did not undertake adequate development control. Non-compliance was mos tly heightened by the developers’ unawareness of the building plan approval process and that the buildings needed to be inspected during cons truction. This s tudy deepens the international debate on development control by spatially and s tatis tically illuminating how the extent of compliance with the planning s tandards that regulate road reserves may be empirically analyzed.