درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Method: This study is practical in terms of purpose, and descriptive correlational in terms of method. The statistical population includes all teachers from second normal secondary schools in the first and second districts of Sanandaj city during the academic year of 2021-2, totalling 686 individuals. A sample size of 343 was selected using a simple random sampling method. Data was collected through three questionnaires: The 10-Item Ethical Leadership Scale by Brown and Trevino (2005), The 12-Item Collective Efficacy Questionnaire by Goddard (2001), and The 9-Item Questionnaire by Schaufeli et al. (2002) utilizing a five-point Likert scale. The face validity of the questionnaires was confirmed through expert opinions, while their construct validity was established by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). To ensure questionnaire reliability, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was utilized. The resulting reliability coefficients for the ethical leadership, self-efficacy, and job involvement questionnaires were 0.91, 0.72, and 0.93, respectively. After verifying that the parametric assumptions were met, the data was analysed using Pearson’s correlation test and structural equation modelling via SPSS software. The results revealed a favourable fit for the research’s structural model, indicating a direct relationship between the ethical leadership style of school managers and teachers’ collective efficacy and job involvement. Furthermore, the ethical leadership status of school managers emerged as a significant predictor for teachers’ levels of collective efficacy and job involvement. These findings suggest that demonstrating ethical leadership behaviours can enhance teachers’ self-efficacy, thereby fostering greater passion and job involvement among them

Despite the complexity and ambiguity in the concept of entrepreneurship, the expectations of governments, policymakers and education stakeholders have led to increased pressure on schools to develop entrepreneurship and financial independence. Very little research has been done on entrepreneurial leadership in schools. Therefore, this general question was raised, what is the relationship between entrepreneurship and school leadership? Focusing on the transcendental phenomenology approach of Moustakas, the present research tried to count the lived experiences of 19 school principals who were selected purposefully and using the criterion sampling technique. A three-step sequential phenomenological interview protocol was used. The analysis and coding of the interviews were done using the three-stage thematic analysis method (basic, organizing and global) and drawing the theme networks, and Maxqda2020 software was used for data management. At the end of the thematic analysis, a total of 90 basic themes, 34 organizing themes and finally 8 global themes were counted, which were: acquisition entrepreneurship, financial efficiency, financial literacy, educational entrepreneurship, social activism, school cultural ambassador, organizational entrepreneurship, and independent entrepreneurship. The experiences of the participants indicated that the leaders adopted two main strategies to implement entrepreneurial leadership in the school: first, policies to advance school affairs, communicate with parents and teachers, provide diverse and extracurricular courses for students, prioritize assignments and promoting flexibility in the teaching-learning process, these were intra-school solutions. On the other hand, school entrepreneurial leaders used external strategies such as public visits to the school, taking risks, promoting collaborative work, and gaining power for the school

Objective:  This research aimed to study mothers' lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The research methodology was qualitative, and the research type was phenomenological. The statistical population of the study consisted of mothers with student children who had high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress based on the DASS-24 questionnaire due to the experience of the coronavirus pandemic in 2021 The sampling method was purposeful and continued until theoretical saturation was reached (30 people). Collaizi's seven-step analysis method was applied to analyze the interviews. The gathering and analysis of the data were handled simultaneously. Results:  1177 codes were extracted and eventually categorized into 6 components. The findings indicate that we can study mothers' lived experiences during the spread of COVID-19 from six perspectives: constructive lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, emergence, and development of psychological issues, social issues, educational and cultural issues, family issues, and physical and systemic issues. Conclusion: The findings of the current research showed that the widespread of the COVID-19 disease had created problems in the different fields of life from the mothers' point of view, But the spread of this disease has provided them with positive experiences such as self-improvement and personal growth.

The present study intends to investigate the contours of gender performativity in Azar Nafisi’s Reading Lolita in Tehran (2003), which depicts Nafisi’s life experiences in Iran in the 1970s and the 1980s. Drawing upon Judith Butler’s conceptualization of gender performativity, this research probes into the notion of gender roles and gendered subjectivity during the period Nafisi’s narrative covers. The central questions of this research are: 1. How do the contemporary codes of normativity define gender performativity in Nafisi’s Reading Lolita in Tehran? 2. How do the major characters of Nafisi’s memoir react to their gender roles, and to what effect? To answer the stated questions, this study adopts Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity, which pivots around her view of gender as a social construct. The study reveals that the regulative social structure defines certain gender-oriented roles for both sexes and monitors their implementation. It also shows that the contemporary political system, with its regulative and punitive laws and homogenizing strategies, normalizes and bolsters male domination, and propagates stereotypical gender roles. The characters’ resistance, however, usually ends in the consolidation and absorption of a new set of gender clichés, which is mostly Westernized; put differently, the rejection of certain gender-based performances generally leads to the performance of another set of gender roles.  

The application of Mythology and immortal characters in literature by the authors, poets, and playwrights of Western Classical Literature is quite evident; Characters which are immortalized in the minds and memories, many people worship them for their domination and gallantry, extraordinary creatures who never die, get sick, get injured or grow old; including these eternal characterizations are found in; ‘‘Pandora’’ in ‘‘Hesiod’s Pandora’s box’’, ‘‘Hercules’’ in ‘‘Ovid’s Metamorphoses’’, ‘‘Laius’’ in ‘‘Sophocles’s Oedipus Rex’’, ‘‘Niobe’’ in ‘‘Sophocles’s Antigone’’, ‘‘Sappho’s poem(Leto and Niobe)’’, and ‘‘Aeschylus’s Niobe’’, and finally ‘‘Ulysses’’ in ‘‘Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey’’. In this study, researchers have tried to give, at first, an overview of Mythology and then of the Iliad as the first and the oldest surviving work reflecting Mythology in Western Literature. In other words, an outline of Mythology in the darkest episode of the "Trojan War" has been studied to show the connection between Mythology and Western Literature. This paper has been compiled using the ‘‘content analysis’’ of ‘’Iliad’’ translated by ‘’Richmond Lattimore’’ and through the ‘‘library search’’ with the resources mentioned at the end. The results show that there is a fundamental connection between the creation of myth in the doctrinal views and works of Western Literature. Researchers have tried to examine this connection in the Iliad as a sample of epic and mythological works of Western Literature that is the product of the application of the authors, poets, and playwrights from the realm of Mythology in recreating religious and non-religious convictions mingled with ancient quotations.

Admittedly, as opposed to simple writing treatments, massed or spaced instructions, more or less, seem to add variety and attractiveness to writing accomplishment. The current attempt concerned the efficacy of putting in service the two above-mentioned distribution instructions on EFL learners' writing performance. To conclude, 40 upper-intermediate learners (19 to 23 years) of both gender enjoyed 8 sessions in an institute in Ilam, Iran. They were randomly divided into two groups of massed and spaced each group consisting of 20. Instruments utilized were a Quick Oxford Placement Test, a writing pre-test, and a writing post-test. One group was disciplined paragraph writing with massed and spaced instruction with accuracy, complexity and fluency in focus. The researchers taught each session in an intensive 60 minutes' session to massed groups, whereas the similar session was taught to the spaced groups in three 20-minute short sessions at irregular time intervals. Subjects were retested after 8 weeks. Lastly, a posttest of writing was carried out for all groups. The results of the paired samples t-test and One-way ANCOVA denoted that the spaced distribution group significantly outperformed the massed distribution group on the posttest in their final post-test.

This study was explored to seek the effect of mobile-mediated dynamic assessment on Iranian EFL learners' writing skill. The participants were 60 EFL learners from one English language institute in Shiraz, Iran, learning English at the intermediate level. Their age ranged from 15 to 30. The participants were randomly assigned to three equal groups (i.e., one control group and two experimental groups). The instruments and materials used in this study were oxford quick placement test (OQPT), the DIALANG writing test, WhatsApp, Google Docs, and the interview. To measure the participants’ general English proficiency level before the experiment, the participants took the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT). The quantitative data were analyzed using using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests of normal, descriptive statistics, paired-sampled T-tests, ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests. For the qualitative data analysis, the answers to the interview questions were coded and analyzed using a typology of mediation. The ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences among the groups which implies that mobile-based dynamic assessment can enhance the writing proficiency among the language learners. In other words, both T and V groups in intermediate level had a significant progress in their writing proficiency. In light of the qualitative data, nearly all of the participants supported DA due to its advantageous benefits. They felt that this approach saved them time and increased their confidence and enthusiasm for writing, which is a challenging ability.

The aim of this research paper is to study the notion of power and other related concepts devised by Foucault in the novel of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Foucault's theory of power suggests that power is omnipresent, that is, power can be found in all social interactions. In fact, that power is interwoven in all social relations. Moreover, a discourse is made by the government in which identity of characters does not remain fixed and autonomous; truth, as a metaphysical concept, which is supposed to exist as a definite reality becomes a mere game by power relations. The most important aspect that can be seen in this novel is the role of discourse and power in society. Since the novel is set in Jazz age and it coincides with rise of new ideology called American dream, it could be concluded that the characters are influenced by the discourse in which they are living. In fact, the ideology of American dream controls their lifestyle – particularly, the main character – Jay – who has changed himself from a proletarian into a member of bourgeoisie society. Therefore, the identity of the characters is not a fixed concept since how they have gone through process of changing influenced by power relationship which can be seen within them. Moreover, the concept of truth is distorted and unstable in this novel.