درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This paper reviews 70 scholarly studies to explore and organize key methodologies in architectural design research through a systematic lens. It is grounded on three widely used frameworks: Frayling's research into, through, and for design; Cross's typology of design knowledge as epistemological, praxeological, and phenomenological; and Buchanan's basic, applied, and clinical research model. The study employed a structured review procedure, following PRISMA guidelines, to evaluate articles from 1982 to 2023 in major scholarly databases. A shared set of strategies and methods was also developed for each type of design research. The proposed conceptual framework—derived from the timing of the research intervention (pre-, through-, or post-design)—provided a more distinct charting of the research landscape. It revealed prevalent clusters of design research practice, each shaped by unique pairs of epistemological emphasis and methodological stance. Based on past studies, this research developed a further typology known as research through design (II), an expansion of the three earlier categories. By offering a distinct and understandable classification, the article aims to assist architecture students, instructors, and novice researchers in selecting the most suitable research approaches. The conclusions enhance the clarity of architectural education and help position design research as a central component of both academic study and professional practice.

Monetary policy is one of the most important tools for policymakers to influence macroeconomic variables including production. However, implementing this policy sometimes yields unintended consequences. Understanding monetary policy transmission mechanisms is therefore critical for effective implementation. Research following the 2008-2009 financial crisis indicates that the shadow banking activity can disrupt the monetary policy transmission and weaken its effectiveness. An analysis of Iran’s financial system reveals increasing shadow banking activity. This paper therefore examines how shadow banking affects monetary policy transmission in Iran using a DSGE model that innovatively incorporates the shadow banking sector. We compare two scenarios: a financial system without shadow banking and one including shadow banking. The effects of two contractionary monetary policies—interest rate increase and reductions in money supply growth—on GDP, investment, and inflation were analyzed under each scenario. The findings indicate that shadow banking diminishes monetary policy’s impact on all three variables by weakening the credit channel of monetary policy transmission. In the scenario without shadow banking, In the scenario without shadow banking, all three variables will decline in response to the monetary shock of decreasing money supply growth. However, in the scenario with shadow banking, investment levels are not declining but rising. The impact of monetary policy on output and inflation is diminished in the presence of shadow banking. In the case of interest rate shocks, the results also indicate a negative impact of shadow banking on the effectiveness of monetary policy.

This study aims to explore the role of neurofeedback in managing behavioral issues in children with exceptional needs. This qualitative research employed a phenomenological approach to gain deep insights into participants' experiences. A purposive sampling strategy was used to select 20 participants, including 8 parents, 5 neurofeedback practitioners, 4 educators, and 3 pediatric psychologists/psychiatrists. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, which were audio-recorded and transcribed for analysis. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify and develop key themes from the data, ensuring credibility and reliability through member checking and peer debriefing. The study identified significant improvements in children's attention, emotional regulation, social interactions, academic performance, and overall well-being following neurofeedback therapy. Participants reported enhanced focus, reduced tantrums, better peer relationships, improved grades, and increased energy levels. Challenges included accessibility issues, therapy duration, individual differences in response, and technical difficulties. These findings align with previous studies demonstrating the efficacy of neurofeedback in managing behavioral issues in children with ADHD, ASD, and other developmental disorders. Neurofeedback shows promise as an effective intervention for managing behavioral issues in children with exceptional needs. However, challenges such as accessibility, therapy duration, and technical difficulties need to be addressed. Future research should focus on larger, more diverse samples, control groups, and long-term effects. Practical recommendations include increasing accessibility, tailoring treatment plans, and integrating neurofeedback with other therapeutic approaches for holistic child development.