درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: Grief is a natural and universal response to the loss of a loved one. The grief experience is not a state but a process. Most individuals recover adequately within a year after the loss; however, when individuals experience an extension of the standard grieving process, they are said to be experiencing prolonged grief disorder, thought to result from failure to transition from acute to integrated grief. Therefore, validating tools related to grief in different cultures can provide the ground for measuring its concept by the culture to understand the cultural differences of this structure. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties, reliability, and validity of PG-13-R. Methods: Data were collected from two independent samples of 285 (exploratory factor analysis) and 241 (confirmatory factor analysis) mourning adults to determine whether the findings explored in one sample can be verified in another. Face and content validity were measured quantitatively and qualitatively. Concurrent validity was measured using correlation coefficient calculation with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS.27 and AMOS.26 software. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using principal components and the Varimax method. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using AMOS.26 software. Results: The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the two-factor structure with emergent distress, detachment, and meaninglessness factors. These factors had acceptable internal consistency. PG-13-R factors had good convergence validity with depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bereavement experience (P< 0.05). Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) was 0.78 for Distress and 0.79 for Detachment and Meaning factor, and 0.87 for the whole scale, indicating good internal consistency Conclusion: PG-13-R is a useful and reliable tool for measuring PGD symptoms in the Iranian population. It is suggested that future studies examine this scale in people who have been bereaved for various reasons, including (death by suicide, sudden death, and death by accident).

Sociocultural Theory (SCT) of second language learning puts the emphasis on social interaction and regards it as a pre-requisite for cognitive development (Vygotsky, 1978). Drawing on the SCT, the present study aimed to delve into the possible effect of ZPD-based teacher and peer feedback on reading comprehension and reading strategy use of EFL learners. In so doing, 75 Iranian EFL learners, who were randomly assigned into two experimental and one comparison groups, participated in a quasi-experimental study. The data were collected through Oxford Placement Test (OPT), reading comprehension test and reading strategy questionnaire. One of the experimental groups received teacher feedback based on Aljaafreh and Lantolf's (1994) regulatory scale while the other experimental group accomplished the reading task using the feedback provided by the peers. Results obtained from the one–way ANOVA and Tukey test demonstrated that both experimental groups, teacher and peer, gained significantly more and performed better than the comparison group in reading comprehension while there was no significant difference between teacher and peer feedback groups in reading comprehension. The findings of the strategy questionnaire indicated no statistically significant difference between experimental and control groups, leading to the conclusion that students’ grouping did not influence their use of reading strategy. Therefore, it is concluded that peer feedback can be as effective as teacher feedback, aiding teachers to have a learner–centered classroom by implementing peer feedback rather than teacher feedback.

An archaeological survey in 2004 in Mianab of Shushtar in Khuzestan, as well as excavations in 2005, led to the discovery of a Sasanian government hall and valuable stucco carvings. This article examines this hall and compares it with sites such as Damghan Hesar Hill and Hajiabad Lord’s House, as well as Chaltarkhan and columned halls of Bandian Dergaz Hill C. The result of this research shows that given the Sasanian columned halls that have so far been identified not older than the time of Bahram V (420-438 AD), the Dastova government hall probably dates back to the middle to the end of the Sasanian period.

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of e-commerce platforms with the mediating role of customer-related factors on the intention to purchase sportswear and the presentation of the model. The present study is applied and descriptive. The statistical population of the study is 420 sportswear customers in Rasht. The field data collection method, the data collection tool, the standard questionnaire, and the data analysis method, structural equation modeling were used, and the reliability of the tool was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha and the composite reliability and construct validity through convergent and divergent validity using factor analysis. After a descriptive study of the variables, the factor structure analysis technique and path analysis were used, and the path coefficients for the variables were examined using PLS3 software. The results of the study showed that e-commerce platforms, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, customer purchase behavior, and customer perceived value did not have a significant relationship on purchase intention, and customer perceived value, customer purchase behavior, customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction mediated the relationship between e-commerce platforms and purchase intention. From the results of the research, it can be concluded that by creating a reliable and secure platform that introduces sports products well and makes the shopping process easy for the customer, it can lead to customer satisfaction and repeat purchases; therefore, it is recommended that managers of sportswear stores use social media platforms and media to introduce and sell their products in order to grow and survive in today's competitive market.

This paper seeks to explore C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia under the light of Paul Virilio's framework of thought. Virilio's concept of dromology explains the way people see things change as they move faster, and how this affects the way they see other people and things around them. This can lead to a greater sense of control and surveillance. The study argues that the robots in Lewis's stories represent future humans brought closer through advanced technology that transcends time limits. Lewis's characters are like a reflection of the reader. They help the reader see themselves and their dreams in a new way. Lewis has addressed how these characters see the world changes them into different creatures, in that the way they see the world affects how they see themselves. Lewis's characters can be observed as the people who represent the society. This paper demonstrates that the characters in the series are cyborgs and live in a cyborg world. To support this argument, the principles of the panopticon theory are needed to indicate how the characters seem to have a purpose with reference to the pejorative aspects of human’s psyche.