درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Narcissism is an individual or group phenomenon in which individuals and groups become unhealthily enamored with them, perceiving themselves as superior to others. This condition has also infiltrated the realm of religion and spirituality, being recognized as one of the ills of religiosity. The present study aims to describe and explain religious narcissism and its components. It employs a descriptive-analytical method with a focus on the psychological foundations of narcissism to elucidate this phenomenon. The results indicate that it manifests in both religious individuals and groups or movements, leading them to issue reprimands and excommunications against others. The results demonstrate that despite its multiple components, the basis of the beliefs of the individual and the narcissistic religious movement centers around three core components: "Self-righteousness, absolutism, and exclusivism," which also encompass other components. Under the shadow of these three components—discussed in the psychology of narcissism under terms such as a sense of righteousness, superiority, self-centeredness, and exclusivity—narcissistic individuals and groups believe that in comparison to others, they are special and superior, that goodness is what they perceive it to be, and that evil is what they deny. They maintain an egocentric focus on themselves and their needs, convinced that everything is meant for them.

Shaykh Ṣadūq has his specific methods and criteria for semantic analysis of the Gharīb (unfamiliar) terms in the field of hadith in general, and in the area of interpretation and semantics of vocabulary in particular; recognizing his methods and criteria in the semantic analysis of Gharīb words in the Holy Quran and the sayings of the impeccable Imams (AS) leads to the discovery of new approaches and the presentation of a more precise image of his methods and criteria in semantic analysis. Among his remaining works, one can find some of his views. The present study aims to observe and discover the types of explanations of Gharīb words in the thoughts of Shaykh Ṣadūq. To this aim was used a descriptive-analytical method and data collection is library-based. The result indicated that he used methods such as: Utilizing Shia theological arguments, defining examples for words, leveraging Arabic culture and literature, interpreting Gharīb words according to the companions, followers of the Imams (AS), and his scholars, highlighting grammatical points, using the sayings of the impeccable Imams (AS), stating all semantic aspects of a word, and preferring one meaning over others. Through his specific criteria, Shaykh Ṣadūq has been able to reach the core meaning and interpretive significance of Gharīb words.