درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

According to Thomas Hobbes, public should and they normally accept what they find in place just because the alternative is destabilization and chaos. In this paper, I will argue that in Farabi’s theory the government actually would put its pace forward. As Farabi saw it, the state not only is the source of some benefits but also should be and is the source of human beings’ virtue and happiness. For Farabi, the first governor of the state resembles the heart in a body, or a physician in a city. Farabi’s utopia literally meaning ‘the excellent state’, consists of five levels. On the first level stands the philosopher or the prophet. The second level includes poets, music composers, writers and the likes of them. Farabi strongly believes in the power of imagination and that most people are under the influence of their imaginative faculty. This notion has an important outcome which influences his view on religion, prophet, and their relation with the public: images, in his view, are the most powerful means of influencing the public.

For several centuries, Islamic philosophy has been in a state of "isolation," meaning it has lost its contemporaneity; it neither solves "problem" nor, at the very least, actively and seriously engages with contemporary issues. This paper, while addressing the nature, possibility, and realization of Islamic philosophy; the achievements of Islamic philosophy; and the historical evolution of Islamic philosophy (in early, late, and contemporary periods), distinguishes three types of Islamic philosophy: Islamic philosophy as a concept; Islamic philosophy as an actualized phenomenon (Peripatetic, Illuminationist, Sadrian, and Neo-Sadrian); and the future Islamic philosophy. The future Islamic philosophy is an ideal one, could emerge later, contingent on certain conditions and prerequisites, such as addressing contemporary issues, particularly socio-cultural and practical issues. It seems that the survival of Islamic philosophy and its avoidance of becoming merely historical -in contrast to the idea of the "end of Islamic philosophy"- depends on this. Since the ideal Islamic philosophy is one that solves problem, this naturally requires problem-oriented philosophical research. Thus, highlighting the importance of problem-oriented research; the nature of a problem; and the differences between a problem, subject, question, and difficulty, the paper will propose the most important and central strategies that could actualize the future or ideal Islamic philosophy. These strategies include: philosophical attention to new sciences and technologies; considering the fourth wave in philosophy; engaging with "Philosophy of"; adopting concrete approaches in philosophy; conducting interdisciplinary researches in philosophy; and employing new methods in philosophy.

Are opinion (as the product and perfection of theoretical reason) and practice (as the result and perfection of practical reason) involved in the ultimate happiness of humans? Why and how? According to a well-known perspective, Sadr Al-Mota'allehin regards the perfection of theoretical reason as the foundational structure of ultimate human happiness and the perfection of practical reason as a means of removing obstacles toward achieving theoretical reason's perfection, which constitutes ultimate happiness. Furthermore, he advances a related theory suggesting that ultimate happiness not only stems from the knowledge derived from theoretical reason but also requires detachment from material concerns—a practical virtue and outcome of practical reason. This detachment is an intrinsic affirmative act within the core structure of ultimate happiness. In this view, the perfection of theoretical reason (knowledge) is the principal element of ultimate happiness, while the perfection of practical reason (virtuous dispositions) forms its supporting framework. Finally, Sadr Al-Mota'allehin identifies the highest human ascent as annihilation, where theoretical and practical faculties unify and merge in the Divine Essence, culminating in ultimate happiness.

Knowledge of logic includes the rules that govern the way of thinking and reasoning. Muslims became familiar with this science in the third century by translating Aristotle's books and immediately faced the challenge of what does this science have to do with Islam? Should Muslims use the same method as Aristotle in their religious sciences or avoid paying attention to this science? The present research, by searching the books of Muslim jurists and theologians, shows that each of these two assumptions had supporters, and of course, the number of opponents of the science of logic was more than its supporters. And those opponents used violence against the proponents of the science of logic and brought arguments to ban the science of logic and tried to show that God is not pleased with this knowledge.This article also tries to bring these two views closer together. The final result of this research is that most of the arguments of the opponen of the logic are a warning for those who may not use this knowledge correctly or are involved in the thoughts of philosophers who have distanced themselves from religion.