درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The conclusion of any contract aims at implementation of the obligations arising from it. Morality dictates that people adhere to what they assumed regarding others. The law also supported the moral judgment and in case of breach of obligations to oblige, compensation as a sanction is imposed on obligor. In view of the economic analysis, he also committed to respect his contract and the Contract shall be performed contrary to the intention of breaching party, and on both sides the effectiveness is motivated to build trust and to maximize contract efficiency. Typically there are two basic solutions in compensation for breach of contract. First, the obligation of obligator to perform obligation, secondly, payment of damages for non-performance, either by the parties in the form of penalty clause or by the court to refer the matter to the expert identified and they are required to pay it. In choosing one of these, economic perspective considers the economic benefits of each of these two solutions. If so economic benefit in cases where subjective commitment and intellectual damage on the implementation of the commitment, as compensation for these losses not compensated correctly, and basically cannot be estimated. In second view, sentence in view of the compensation usually refers to material damages or economic damages, in such cases compensation for losses caused to the obligee can be compensated better and more efficient method is considered. Finally, it must be borne in mind that the purpose of signing the contract because is its implementation and in cases where the performance of contractual obligations under changed circumstances faced hardships, the elimination of obstacles to the implementation of the contract will be resolved, it seems to modify the contract as a mechanism for the implementation of the contract must be considered unless they agreed to be imposed on them by law or judicial authority. In this case, unless the modification is done by mutual consent, it is modification by legal and judicial means economically, we'll see how the parties to the agreement have wanted to do risk allocation or choose the more efficient ones, that is, which party can a lower cost can bear the risk of changing circumstances and consider same party responsible for it.

Paytoop neighborhood in Bojnurd in among those neighborhoods that are confronted with worn-out area problem, while have a potential capability to attract people. In spite of the implemented renovation plans, and having a long history and great capabilities, this neighborhood couldn&rsquot have any progress in constant spatial development, and we are still witnessing a horizontal expansion in the city. The objective of this paper is to analyze the renovation and rehabilitation plan in Paytoop neighborhood, and to prioritize the worn-out area zones in order to implement the Armaghan plan using AHP method and present some strategies to use these spaces optimally, while preserving their identity. In this research, AHP hierarchical method is used to determine the intervention area in the worn-out area. In order to measure and analyze the information we used interview, observation, questionnaire, and library study.

The effects happiness has in the work environment for increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the employees necessitate the studying and investigating of the concept of happiness in various organizations. Therefore, the current study tries to propose and explain a happiness model in the organization based on national culture. This study has been carried out using a combinatory method and in two sections; namely, the qualitative and the quantitative parts. In the qualitative section, we interviewed experts and university specialists, selected using targeted sampling method, to carry out the identification and classification. In the quantitative section of the study, we utilized the descriptive-survey method and the data gathering tool made by the researcher to elicit the views and opinions of 383 employees of Tehran Municipality, which had been selected using simple random sampling method. Then, we used Pearson’s correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis to analyze the obtained data. The findings show that physical, psychological, spiritual, and social components are among the personal aspects of happiness based on national culture and components such as coherence and sociability are among the organizational aspects of happiness based on national culture.

Like other economic markets, housing market is comprised of supply and demand dimensions and equality of supply and demand makes the housing market balanced. The aim of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of housing market of Tehran city and some deficiencies of this market with fundamental – applied methodology. The variable studied here is the saleable residential unit with minimum 50m2 area which is obtained after statistical evaluations of housing price for many years and estimation of the loans and deposit of families in different income levels. Results reveal that problems of housing market can be attributed to lack of appropriate planning in housing building and supply (in quantity, area and geographic location), decreasing purchasing power of people various income levels as a result of misfit of increase in income and price of housing, low demand of families and finally, limited income groups for purchasing appropriate housing.

Learning is a new paradigm that is introduced in today's organizations. The purpose of this study is to determine learning contingency model from the mistakes using TOPSIS. Variables were identified using the Delphi technique. The samples of this study were consisted 30 public administrators in Iran. The results show which factors have the greatest impact and which causes the least impact on learning from mistakes in public sector of Iran.