درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

هدف از انجام این مطالعه پیداکردن عواملیست که زبان آموزان دبیرستانی موفقیتهاوشکستهای خودرابه آن نسبت می دهند. بدین منظور، 708 دانش آموزان دبیرستانی ازاقشار مختلف اجتماعی-اقتصادی وجنسیت مختلف انتخاب شدند. شرکت کنندگان به پرسشنامه اسنادی پاسخ دادند. پرسشنامه شامل چهاربخش است: احساسات ،تصویرازخود، انگیزه درونی،وسیاست زبان.آزمون ANOVA و Post-hoc به منظورتجزیه وتحلیل داده ها استفاده شد.نتایج حاصل ازتجزیه وتحلیل نشان داد که انگیزه درونی اسناد اصلی است وجنسیت هیچ نقشی دراسناد بازی نمی کند. علاوه براین،تفاوتهای قابل توجهی درمیان طبقات مختلف اجتماعی مشاهده شد. دانش آموزان طبقات بالای جامعه ،دراحساسات وتصویرازخود بالاترین نمره را کسب کردند؛ودانش آموزان ازمناطق روستایی درانگیزه درونی وسیاست زبان نمره بالاتری بدست آوردند. درنهایت، نتایج به دست آمده درزمینه یادگیری وآموزش زبان مورد بحث قرارگرفت وپیشنهاداتی ارایه شد.

There are different views on the relationship between language and culture. Some consider them as separate entities one being a code-system and the other a system of beliefs and attitudes. Some believe in a cause and effect relationship between the two; and yet others argue for a co-evolutionary mode of interrelation. This paper will subscribe to the Hallidayan co-evolutionary view of the relationship (cf. Halliday 1991), presenting the view that language and culture are both integrated into a unique socio-semiotic system always interacting with one another for the successful functioning of the system. It will discuss some aspects of this interaction and the implications for ESL/EFL education programs.

Following Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz’s (1990) classification, this study examines the relationship between power and gender of the addressees and the type and number of refusal strategies employed by Sarawani Baloch male university students (SBMUS). Fifty SBMUS studying in Azad University of Sarawan were randomly chosen as the participants of the study. Data collection was accomplished through applying a revised version of DCT (Discourse Completion Test). The data collected were then coded and analyzed according to Beebe et al.'s (ibid.) taxonomy, and Chi-square and Correlation test results. The results show that refusal strategies extracted, are, for the most part, similar to those given in Beebe et al.’s work, which, in turn, confirms the universality of applying refusal strategies. However, SBMUS also employ some new strategies not predicted in the given scheme, suggesting the effect of their religion and culture. Research findings also denote the ineffectiveness of power and gender of the addressees on the type of refusal strategies employed by SBMUS. Moreover, results indicate that although power of the addressees affects number of refusal strategies used by the participants, their gender does not affect this variable. “Excuse, reason, explanation” dealing with all the addressees, the combination of 3 refusal strategies in reply to those in higher social power, and the combination of 2 strategies in response to those with equal and lower power are the most frequent refusal strategies regarding the type and number of refusal strategies.