درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

در مقاله حاضر بر اساس تجزیه و تحلیل مثال های متعدد، هدایت نحوی صفات و افعال مرتبط با آن ها به لحاظ واژه سازی در زبان روسی و نحوه بیان آن به زبان فارسی بررسی می شود. در زبان روسی صفت و فعل می توانند به عنوان جزء اصلی گروه واژه و جمله به کار روند و حالت نحوی کلمه وابسته به خود را تعیین کنند. به طور مثال: شبیه به توپ، راضی از پسر، وفادار به قول، به پیروزی ایمان داشتن. نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهد، هدایت نحوی صفات و افعال مرتبط با آن ها به لحاظ واژه سازی براساس روابط زیر صورت می گیرد: 1. بین هدایت نحوی صفت و فعل تفاوت کامل وجود دارد؛ 2. بین هدایت نحوی صفت و فعل شباهت کامل وجود دارد؛ 3. بین هدایت نحوی صفت و فعل تشابه و تفاوت نسبی وجود دارد. در بیشتر مواقع مفهوم هدایت نحوی صفت و فعل در زبان روسی با استفاده از انواع حروف اضافه: برای، از، به، و ساختار رایی و همچنین ساختار اضافه ای به زبان فارسی بیان می شود.

The current study aimed at investigating the relationship between life-wise syllabus- as a new type of syllabus which emerged as the result of recent developments in applied ELT and corresponding to the "education for life"- and teacher success in an EFL context. Life-wise syllabus introduced by Pishghadam in 2011 directed English teachers’ attention to give priority to life issues rather than language in class. These new concepts encourage curriculum development based on life and all of its manifestations which is the core principle of humanistic education. Then teaching should not only comprise mathematics, chemistry, or literature, but also emotions, relationships, attitudes, thinking styles, feelings, and states of mind. Due to the recent emergence of this syllabus and the dearth of research over its effectiveness, this research study was carried out to shed more light on the issue. To this end, 200 teachers- 100 from private sector and 100 from public sector- and their 1771 students were chosen as the participants of the research study from Mashhad and Ghaen cities. In this study, the teachers were given "Life-Responsive Language Teaching beliefs Questionnaire" (hereafter LRLTB), and their students were given the "Characteristics of Successful EFL Teachers Questionnaire" (hereafter CSET). The results of the correlational study indicated that the main variables and also their subscales were highly correlated. The comparison between male and female teachers regarding correlation between variables did not show any significant difference. But the comparison between private and public school teachers in terms of the relationship between the variables displayed that they were more strongly correlated for the latter.

Despite the general findings that address the positive contribution of teaching pragmatic features to interlanguage pragmatic development, the question as to the most effective method is far from being resolved. Moreover, the potential of literature as a means of introducing learners into the social practices and norms of the target culture, which underlie the pragmatic competence, has not been fully explored. This study, then, set out to investigate the possible contribution of plays, as a medium of instruction, to the pragmatic development through either explicit or implicit mode of instruction. To this end, 80 English-major university students were assigned to four experimental groups: two literary and two nonliterary groups. One of the literary groups (Implicit Play) received typographically enhanced plays containing the speech acts of apology, request, and refusal and the other (Explicit Play) received the same treatment in addition to the metapragmatic instruction on the acts. The medium of instruction for the nonliterary groups were dialogs containing the given functions; they were also given either enhanced input (Implicit Dialog) or input plus metapragmatic information (Explicit Dialog). Analyses of the four groups’ performance on a Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT) before and after the treatment did not show any advantage for the literary medium, i.e., there was no significant difference between literary and nonliterary groups. It was rather the mode of instruction that mattered most, where explicit groups outperformed their implicit counterparts. These findings indicate that even though implicit teaching, that is, exposure to enhanced input followed by some awareness-raising tasks, is effective in pragmatic development, it cannot contribute so much to learning as can the explicit instruction