درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

With the spread of economic crises in recent decades, the number of disputes between the host government and the investor has increased. Mechanisms have been established to resolve these disputes, which maintain order and security in the international community. Among these mechanisms is investment arbitration. Arbitration decisions are final, binding and one-step. But sometimes the issued vote has such damages and defects that it needs serious correction and annulment. It seems that prescribing the implementation of such decisions is like participating in injustice. Therefore, the development of codified and consistent rules regarding annulment in organizational and case arbitrations, as well as the arbitration rules of countries, will lead to encouraging foreign investment. Regarding the annulment of arbitration opinions, their advantages and disadvantages, no written research has been done, and cases of annulment have only been mentioned during the writing of some books or articles, without the precise interpretation of its existence. Especially, despite the importance and effect of Article 52 of the ICSID, the framework of this article has not been accurately calculated in arbitration procedures. Therefore, according to the philosophy of arbitration, the cases of revoking the vote should be limited to specific cases so that the vote is not swayed due to the non-compliance of minor matters. It should be kept in mind that the request to annul the arbitration opinion is not an obstacle or limitation of the arbitration and the purpose of these mechanisms is not to question the one-stage nature of the arbitration. In this research, it is tried to state that the purpose of establishing the revocation mechanism is not to weaken the arbitration procedure, but to create fairness and balance. Because it lacks causes the lack of transparency and accuracy of arbitration opinions, which is undeniable.

In the intricate geopolitical landscape of Afghanistan, attaining sustainable security remains an evolving challenge fraught with complex dynamics and critical transitions. This study utilizes Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process techniques to systematically elucidate the myriad determinants shaping Afghanistan's security paradigm. Our meticulous examination foregrounds political and social factors as paramount in this multifaceted terrain. Politically, fostering greater regional cooperation, strategic international relations policies, and consolidating the political will of ruling elites emerge as pivotal. Economically, priority rests on catalyzing poverty alleviation and spurring intense developmental drive depicted as ‘economic jihad’. Socially, augmenting solidarity across ethnic and religious divides and encouraging public participation in security are indispensable. Culturally, amplifying educational standards and nurturing trust in governance prove critical. The Taliban takeover marked a profound shift, necessitating reevaluating security paradigms and amplifying Iran’s strategic role in diplomatic engagement and humanitarian aid to moderate Taliban policies and support Afghan stability. By unraveling the complex interplay of factors spanning political, economic, social and cultural dimensions, this study provides invaluable insights to inform context-specific policies and strategies to advance Afghanistan’s multifaceted peacebuilding needs within a holistic framework prioritizing political stability, economic upliftment, social cohesion and regional cooperation underpinned by human rights and inclusive governance.

Peace and security are blessings that God has given to mankind for the sake of growth and development of human societies. What is certain is that peace is a human ideal and all human beings need peace and comfort in their daily lives to work and strive and to realize their material and spiritual abilities. Terrorism -as an old phenomenon with a new form and nature- is one of the most important and challenging problems of our world. Meanwhile, it is so brutal, outrageous, scary and reprehensible that it can be called as "cancer of our modern world". Terrorism by itself does not determine the system of action and reaction. Dealing with terrorism must follow a logical order; An order that is defined against all anti-peace phenomena and lies in natural, divine and human values. The international system lacks a clear and comprehensive strategy against security threats and peace violations. Therefore, the counter-terrorism mechanisms and measures stipulated in the existing international documents have sometimes taken a direction that are not necessarily compatible with other measures that have been established regarding other categories of world peace; Rather, their contradictions and incompatibilities are clearly visible in practice. With an innovative action, especially in the last decade, the Islamic Republic of Iran has taken a strategy to eradicate terrorism. In this regard, while dealing with the roots and intellectual and religious foundations of terrorism, Iran has simultaneously, Tactically and operationally tried to fight with the manifestations of terrorism and prevent the expansion of terrorist attacks. in this field, it has had extensive cooperation with international and regional organizations and their executive bodies, such as Interpol.

Smart power is one of the concepts and terms derived from the western discourse and the order of liberal democracy, which has specific meanings, meanings and indicators in this discourse. What is emphasized in this article is a different narrative from the Chinese perspective to smart power. Statistical data, documents and current trends all confirm that despite the dominance of the liberal order and its mechanisms on the political and economic structures of the world, Beijing has increasingly expanded its role and influence in different regions of the world, including Africa. This country has become a key country in the international system by taking advantage of the international opportunities provided by globalization along with the fundamental redefinition of national principles and interests. What enables a deep analysis in the text of this apparent conflict is the Chinese narrative of intelligent power, which is rooted in Chinese culture and thoughts, contemporary historical developments, and ultimately the consensus of the country's elites. Therefore, the main question of this article can be posed as what are the coordinates of Chinese smart power and how can the development and influence of China in Africa be justified based on the concepts and coordinates of this concept of soft power?Keywords: China, African continent, smart power, Chinese culture, influence

With the beginning of the new era after the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the Great Industrial Revolution in the West, the issue of the spread of new western ideas became a complex reality for all societies, including Iran, and there was no escaping this situation. Especially since the 19th century and the wars between Iran and Russia, as the first blow to the intellectual traditions of the Iranian people, the issue of transferring new ideas has become an undeniable reality for us Iranians, and this issue is mainly according to Iran's military needs due to the defeat of the Tsarist army. It was for the first time that Qajar Crown Prince Abbas Mirza came to the conclusion that he could not defend his land without using the tools of the new world and by sending a group headed by his son Khosrow Mirza, he opened the first intellectual interactions with the Western world and Russia. And this first step led to the education of a generation of Iranians who later became the initiators of modernization in Iran, and although they failed in this path, they should be considered serious in every word about the modernization of Iranians. Undoubtedly, the Russian Revolution is considered one of the greatest events in the history of the world in terms of its impact, and countless works have been produced in connection with it, but few works have been published about the influence of Russia in the 19th century on the intellectual atmosphere of Iran. which have been less expressive of this effect. Therefore, the main issue in this research is how and the specific mechanisms of the influence of political ideas on Iranian intellectuals in the late 19th century and early 20th century, a subject that naturally requires intellectual exploration and reflection in its dimensions and angles. It can open the knot of many intellectual and thought problems of Iran at that time.

The study of the cultural and identity status of societies affected by various phenomena and variables, including educational, cultural and artistic systems, is one of the fundamental special works in the field of political sociology. By studying and researching cultural and identity changes in societies, the researcher is aware of the reasons, contexts, effects and consequences of this. The present study investigates the effects and consequences of language hegemony on the culture and identity of language learners in the Iranian Language Center between 2005 and 2017. Accordingly, this research is classified as a descriptive research based on the result and purpose of applied research, and in terms of method, and in terms of data collection in the field of survey research. According to the sample size, 277 questionnaires were prepared and provided to students of the Iranian Language Center to collect information. Based on the analysis of the collected data, the Iranian society can be called a marginal society in which English is still recognized as a foreign language and not a second language. The two mechanisms of knowledge and educational skills, and in particular the centrality of the English language and culture, are very prominent and effective among learners and even English teachers. It is in such circumstances that it is possible to form and expand the hegemony of the English language in Iranian society as a result of the current trend of the development of this language, which has been associated with a kind of dependence of our educational system on the central communities; And acknowledged in the absence of any linguistic sensitivity or realistic and logical language planning.

Every civil society needs the development of justice for its survival and in the modern era, one of the most important manifestations of that is administrative justice. The conception of administrative justice in any legal system is a function of political action. That is, it is more a product of the political agreement of the nation of land than a metaphysics conception. This concept primarily focuses on the fair distribution of resources and then on fair administrative decisions. Administrative justice is the basis for the structuring of the administrative system into an advanced legal system that applies to the equitable distribution of wealth through administrative law and legal principles derived from the customary concept and are sometimes defined in procedural and substantive principles in administrative court proceedings. Therefore, we are faced with a concrete concept that understands the system of administrative law and public law as defined by legal principles. Administrative justice is made by political affairs and is paid through legal institutions. These concepts are shaped by common social values ​​and, after legal incorporation, their customary concept becomes legal. The concept of administrative justice in the judgments of the Administrative Justice has been expressed in two principles of impartiality and proportionality. The first principal deals with the concept of administrative justice procedures and the principle of proportionality of its substantive concept. Therefore, the most important application of the concept of administrative justice is to determine the legal principles that are relevant to it in administrative proceedings and in the jurisdiction of the administrative justice court.

The governance gap is an important one and somewhat unknown. Although there is a lot of talk about how and why, but so far it has not been addressed in detail. This gap is the result of non-compromise and agreement on principles and foundations and arising from the atmosphere of conflict that arose in the years after 1997 between the two discourses of reformism and fundamentalism. In this research, using the method of discourse, while examining the discourse of the Islamic Revolution as well as the two discourses of reformism and fundamentalism, the two issues of the relationship between the conflict and the gap between the two with the category of "efficiency "and then" political stability "have been considered. This study seeks to answer the question: "What effect has the governance gap in the Islamic Republic of Iran had on the efficiency of the system in the years after 1997?" And its main finding is that the governance gap, by creating instability in the political system, has provided grounds for inefficiency in some areas. In a way, if this rift and conflict did not exist, the political system would have functioned better.