سیاوش خداپرست

Sports has a potential to reinforce the elements in the cultural and social structures and creates them in a new form. The purpose of this study was to examine the spectators’ behavior pathology in sports stadiums of Guilan, Iran. The method of this study was descriptive in terms of strategy, survey in terms of execution, and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study was spectators, coaches, referees, and players in Guilan. The collected data were classified by descriptive statistical methods and were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and ANOVA. The Cronbach’s Alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the studied variables, and  the independent variables in the equation could predict and explain variances and changes in the dependent variable. Correlation between environmental factors and spectator behavior was 0.751 and the stadium in the occurrence of aggressive behavior was 0.474. The creation of corrective approaches in the current approach of media for popular sports and the reinforcement of the valuable and moral content of press and TV programs can be more effective. In addition, the necessary communication trainings for the responsible forces of the security of the stadiums and other executive factors of tournaments can be effective in order to respect for the spectators.

Football withdrawal has always created many psychological problems for players and it has had destructive effects on their health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of perfectionism on the reduction stress and athletic burnout in football players. The statistical population of this study included all football players at youth level in Guilan, Iran. 378 players were selected as a sample size through random sampling method. A combination of valid and reliable standard questionnaires was distributed to collect the research data. Research hypotheses were analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression. The SPSS software (version 24) was used for data analysis (α≤0.05). The results showed that there was a significant correlation between athletic burnout and positive perfectionism (-0.622), negative perfectionism (0.555), problem-oriented strategy (-0.358), and emotion-oriented strategy (0.401). According the results of this study, developing efficient plans with focusing on the psychological variables of perfectionism, stress, and athletic burnout can improve the coaches’ awareness of coaching behaviors as well as increasing athletes’ optimal mental performance and efficiency.