اردولیبرالیسم و تکوین دولت مدرن در آلمان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اردولیبرالیسم در زمان یک بحران شدید اقتصاد سیاسی لیبرال در جمهوری وایمار آلمان پدیدار شد؛ در واقع نوعی تلاش سیاسی هماهنگ برای بازیابی عقلانیت اقتصاد آزاد در رفتار دولت و نیز رفتار شرکت کنندگان در بازار وجود داشت. بنابراین، دولت لیبرال به عنوان شالوده ضروری اقتصاد آزاد و به مانند قدرتی که بتواند چارچوب شرایط مورد انتظار را برای دخالت «دست نامرئی» در اقتصاد برای تسهیل و حفظ آزادی آن فراهم کند، معرفی شد. ازاین رو، هدف اصلی این پژوهش بررسی نقش اردولیبرالیسم آلمانی در فرایند تاریخی تکامل نهاد دولت در آلمان است. دو پرسش پژوهشی در این نوشتار عبارت اند از: 1. دولت آلمان دارای چه بنیان ها و ویژگی هایی است؟ 2. از دیدگاه دولت سازی بر مبنای تعریف هگل، اردولیبرالیسم چه نقشی در تاریخ سیاسی آلمان ایفا کرده است؟ در فرضیه پژوهشی، بیان می شود که اردولیبرالیسم بر مبنای آموزه های یونان باستان، مسیحیت و عصر روشنگری، لیبرالیسم آنگلوساکسون را به نفع «خیر جمعی» هماهنگ کرده، و با ایجاد فضایی حائل میان نهادهای «دولت سیاسی» و افراد جامعه، بر مبنای بازار و فرایندهای آن، «جامعه مدنی» را تکامل بخشیده و از این راه فرایند تکوین نهاد دولت در آلمان را پیش برده است. تحلیل «تاریخ ایده ها» در مرکز توجه این پژوهش قرار دارد. در این روش، ایده ها در روند تکوین و تکامل خود در کنار یکدیگر قرار می گیرند و به تکوین نهادها (مانند نهاد دولت) می انجامند. افزون بر مطالعه آثار نظریه پردازانی همچون هگل و وبر، منابع دست دوم که از سوی پژوهشگران برپایه استفاده از منابع دست اول ایجاد شده اند، و دربرگیرنده مقاله ها و کتاب هایی هستند که رویدادهای گذشته با اهمیت تاریخی را توصیف می کنند، بررسی می شوند. یافته های تبیین بنیان نظری اردولیبرالیسم آلمان و بررسی نقش آن در فرایند تکامل نهاد دولت در این کشور نشان می دهد که جمهوری فدرال آلمان با وجود وفاداری کامل به بنیان های لیبرالیسم سیاسی و اقتصادی، توانسته است با تعدیل لیبرالیسم به نفع دولت، و ایجاد گونه ای ویژه از لیبرالیسم به نام اردولیبرالیسم، ضمن تکوین و تکامل «جامعه مدنی» به عنوان بخشی از بدنه دولت در معنای هگلی آن، فردگرایی افراطی را مهار کند و خیر عمومی و عدالت اجتماعی را در متن سنت لیبرال به انجام رساند.Ordoliberalism and State Building in Germany
Germany is recognized as one of the world's most powerful economies, with unique experiences in economic modeling and institutional building. Ordoliberalism is a German socioeconomic school which believes that the country can maintain its ideals of social justice, and at the same time, establish a unique governance model to substitute Anglo-Saxon classical liberalism in the context of market economy and neoliberalism, by avoiding the pitfalls of "market fundamentalism." In fact, the German nation-state has been confronted with internal and external crises and conflicts since the unification of German-speaking political units during Bismarck's time in 1871. Nevertheless, Germany is a distinctive case regarding political economy and state building. Germany introduced the unique model of state building in the form of ordoliberlism as a modified version of liberalism in favor of social ideals. Based on Hegel's definition, one can explain that ordoliberalism creates a separating wall between "the political state" and the social individual based on the market processes, thus safeguarding the "civil society”, for which the institutions of the state are built in Germany. Ordoliberalism emerged during a severe crisis of liberal political economy in the Weimar Republic of Germany in the late 1920s. In fact, there was a sort of concerted political effort to restore the rationality of the free economy in the behavior of the state as well as the behavior of the market participants. Ordoliberalism— based on the teachings of ancient Greece, Christianity, and the Age of Enlightenment— became the theoretical backbone of the German social market economy. At the time, the liberal governance was presented as the necessary foundation of the free economy and as a force that could provide the framework of expected conditions for the intervention of the "invisible hand" in the economy to preserve its characteristic of ‘being free”. If economic liberty under liberalism means economy is completely free from any government intervention, there is the risk of the creation of monopolies and oligopolies, and the expansion of poverty in society by “Commodification of Rights”. In its historical process, ordoliberalism in Germany prevented such an outcome by establishing the civil society (i.e., the external state in Hegel's terminology) and reforming liberalism in favor of the common good while still contributing to the formation of governmental institutions in Germany. Earlier ordoliberals had argued in favor of ‘strong government’, which could not be manipulated by corporate pressure, and underscored the concept of ‘social market economy’. They cautioned that economic growth enhancing policies should not be at the expense of social programs. Domestically, Germany utilized democratic and fair mechanisms such as the presence of unions, state intervention in the equitable distribution of income and wealth, and preventing wealth accumulation by the cartels, based on respect for free-market principles. Principally, the paper aims to examine the evolutionary process of the German state during the 20th century by focusing on political economy and ordoliberalism. The primary goal is to explain how the ordoliberal system in Germany has been able to strike an optimal balance between the state and markets despite scores of ebbs and flows in the political history of Germany. At the same time, the article explores how the ordoliberal system has been integrated in the global neoliberal order while coordinating internal political forces in an effective way to build a democratic order. In short, the authors try to investigate the role of German ordo-liberalism in the historical process of the evolution of the state in Germany. The two research questions to be answered are as follows: 1. What are the foundations and characteristics of the German state? 2. From the point of view of state building based on Hegel's theory of state, to what extent has ordoliberalism influenced German politics? Ordoliberalism, as a variant of neoliberalism (or a state-centric neo-liberalism) has coordinated Anglo-Saxon liberalism for the benefit of the "collective good", and ordoliberal ideas have influenced postwar institution-building in Germany. In the research hypothesis, it is postulated that the strong state could regulate free markets to guarantee competition and social justice. This study introduces the main elements of "neoliberalism" as a German interpretation of neoliberalism using a historical approach. The findings of this article demonstrate that ordoliberalism, as the convergence of three intellectual and practical traditions (i.e., ancient Greek, Christianity, and Enlightenment) has successfully created the intermediate space between individuals in society and governmental institutions that Hegel had envisioned while adapting neoliberalism in favor of the social good. After World War II, Germany was integrated into neoliberal international order and reasserted its economic power as part of the capitalist world but aspired to be a model of ‘organized capitalism.’ To achieve the research objective, Hegel's theory of the state is used. First, the authors explain the main components and definition of the state, as well as the primary features of each of these components. Then, Germany's main efforts toward state-building are examined through a historical lens. Finally, the conclusion highlights the role and contribution of ordoliberalism in creating and developing the German state institutions.
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