مطالب

Looking through the lens of forensic pragmatics, this study aims to critically analyze a typical textual sample of cyber-fraud correspondence as addressed to a candidate email-user. As such, the virtual correspondence which is written by a seemingly legitimate sender seems to be authorized in its claims to the extent that even the Gmail spam-identifying system has not report it as devious. Due to the questionable subject of such virtual correspondence(s) (VC) or cyberspace correspondence(s) (CC) being issued, that is the claim of offering a huge winning bid to the addressee and the significance of identifying the authenticity of such abrupt proposals, it can be hypothesized that such a text consists of fraudulent claims and therefore is subject to forensic cyber-crime examination. As such, the present study plans to provide a discursive analysis of an authentic sample based on a CDA procedure itself based on Fairclough’s (1989) formula presented in his influential book titled ‘Language and Power’. There are two main questions this study has aimed to answer: 1) How the text at hand lends itself to CDA analysis in terms of the main tenets of discursive manipulation proposed in Fairclough’s CDA formula? and 2) What manipulative patterns might be detected in a discursive piece of email correspondence allegedly presumed to be fraudulent. The main findings of this study are: 1) The lexical, sentential, and textual levels in the Fairclough’s CDA formula are applicable to the email-correspondence text at hand, though modified in accordance with the text’s discoursal specifications, 2) The outcome of the CDA analysis of the cyberspace correspondence sample under study provided definitive clues to support the existence of manipulative intention(s) hidden in the text at hand, 3) The results might be applied to similar pieces of discourse at different levels of lexical, sentential, and textual composition.

As there have been few studies on the comparative effects of mind-mapping (MM) and concept-mapping (CM) techniques on learning English language skills and sub-skills, this survey pursued to scrutinize the impacts of these techniques on reading motivation, reading comprehension, and willingness to communicate (WTC) of Iranian EFL students. To fulfill these objectives, 78 intermediate EFL students were selected based on non-random sampling and accidentally assigned to two experimental groups (EGs) and one control group (CG). They were then pre-tested using a reading motivation test, a reading comprehension test, and a WTC test. Next, the intervention was conducted on the three groups. The MM technique was employed to teach 16 English reading texts to one EG and the CM technique was applied to teach the same texts to the other EG. None of these techniques were used to teach the texts to the CG. When the intervention ended, the post-tests of reading comprehension, reading motivation test, and WTC were given to the three groups. The outcomes of the One-Way ANOVA tests and the post-hoc Scheffe tests revealed that there was a substantial difference between the scores of the EGs and the CG on the three post-tests, with the results being in favor of the EGs. In effect, the findings indicated that the MM and CM techniques enhanced reading motivation, reading comprehension, and WTC of the experimental participants equally. Finally, the implications and conclusions of the research were explained.

Regarding the importance of environment in material and spiritual lives of nations, preservation of the environment and preventing the acts taking place against the environment are of great importance for each person, community and country. Thus, in order to explain and clarify this important right, the present research the philosophy of s and its effects. By philosophy of laws it is meant the general theory governing the law and sometimes it is referred to as generalities of the law whose subject is discussing the logical relation among the existing rules. But, two important things are involved in law philosophy: the basis of the law and its purpose. Regarding the basis of the law, there are some disagreements among  the learned men of this skill and also there are some disagreements concerning the question “ Is originality individual, community and government, or combination of the two, and this disagreement lead to different results in practice one of which is discussion about philosophy of s and depending on its nature (philosophy of s, materialistic or divine point of view) it leads to double-edged  results. Thus, discussion about philosophy of s is a basic discussion that requires to be studied before the long discussions about environment laws.                                                                                 In short, it can be said: According to theologians, philosophy of defending the environment is having knowledge of obligation in preservation of (common heritage of human being) the environment and this philosophy, according to materialists, is  profit seeking (as much as possible) and if they talk about environment, it’s because they want to enjoy more profits in long-term. But, alas! Modern materialist individual who , for the purpose of gaining the land, turns his face away from the heaven, should know that he will lose the land just because of lacking the heaven and it is clear that difference in philosophic point of view, will also have different consequences. Steps related with environment and dealing with environment pollution and destruction of environment, like most of social issues, is far from legal issues and leads to different legal aspects.