درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Studying the concept of spirituality in tourism is neithera newapproach nor a study of a particular kind of tourism or simply a religious perspective to tourism. Rather, it is an indicator of spiritual contents that today’s tourism is submerged into discover and attain non-material values and the reality duringthe length of its journey. This research offers a new perspective in the study of the methodology of tourism studies with a descriptive-analytical approach, conjunctive viewwhile using library documentation and a review of theoretical foundations according to the fuzzylogicmethodology. The fuzzy logictheory possesses a more precise capacity to explain and analyze concepts and phenomena and also a spectral reading of phenomena thatuses the binary numbers of 0 and 1 as the extreme points of reality and accepts that there are infinite points of reality between the two of them; therefore, in order to more precisely and comprehensively understand reality, one must have a hierarchical view towardthephenomena. With this approach, spirituality in tourism includes a great variety of concepts and elementsthat are allambiguous and graded. These elements include reasoning and probing, religious denomination and beliefs, mutual relations, and quality of life and culture. The propositions of spirituality in tourism essentially exist in bothfuzzy and spectral logic,not justwith fuzzy logic because of the essential ambiguity existingin concepts and elements andtheir metaphysical aspects. Therefore, this study is built upon the studies related to spiritualityin tourismconducted through the fuzzy logicmethodologies. According to the obtainedresults, this important approach must be paid attention so that the great capacities of spirituality in tourism in the areas of knowledge and action can be correctly utilized.

The present study aimed at investigating the physical security dimensions affecting the security of volleyball stadiums in Iran. The study employed a descriptive-exploratory research method conducted on 115 managers and officials in volleyball stadiums, presidents and experts of Provincial Volleyball Boards as well as experts in the field of sports facilities and events as well as sports violence and aggression. They answered a 20-itme Physical Security Assessment Questionnaire extracted from the adjusted Stadium Security Questionnaire (Faraji, 2014). The collected data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The research findings indicated that physical security is one of the main factors affecting the security of volleyball stadiums in Iran. Control of toxic and chemical substances (0.91), internal control (0.90), peripheral environment control (0.70) and court entrance control (0.59) were considered as the most important factors of physical security on the security of volleyball stadiums (P <0.05). It seems that the strict implementation of the security inspection protocol for spectators, the adoption of appropriate security measures in the external environment of volleyball stadiums, the reform of the ticket sales system, and the use of new methods for distributing and selling tickets to control the court entrances can prevent spectators’ violent behaviors and increase their satisfaction. As a result, the security of volleyball stadiums can be fulfilled.