درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This research aimed to examine the effectiveness of a creativity training program on the executive functions of preschool children. The research method employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, one-month follow-up, and a control group. The population consisted of five to six-year-old children in the preschool stage in District One of Tehran during the academic year 2021-2022. The sample size was selected based on Cohen's table with an effect size of 0.5 and a test power of 0.8, equaling 15 participants for each group. 30 children who met the entry criteria were identified and randomly replaced in two control and experimental groups. Participants completed such computer-based tests as Hungry Donkey Task, Tower of Hanoi, Continuous Performance Test, and N-Back Spatial Working Memory. During this period, the control group followed their normal daily schedule. Data was analyzed using mixed analysis of variance. The results indicated that the creativity training program significantly influenced decision-making, problem-solving, continuous attention, and spatial working memory. It is suggested that child psychologists and people dealing with preschool children use creativity training to enhance executive functions in preschool children.Keywords: Creativity training, Executive functions, Preschool children.

این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر علائم روانشناختی، کیفیت زندگی و استرس در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال علائم جسمی انجام شد. روش پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون_پس آزمون با گروه گواه بود. جامعه آماری افراد مبتلا به اختلال علائم جسمی مراجعه کننده به مراکز مشاوره روانشناختی غرب تهران در سال 1401 بودند که تعداد30 نفر به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب و در دو گروه آزمایش و گواه (هر گروه 15 نفر) جایدهی شدند. گروه آزمایش هشت جلسه درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد دریافت نمودند؛ اما گروه گواه تا پایان پژوهش، مداخله ای دریافت نکردند. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه های بر علائم روانشناختی نجاریان و داوودی (1380)، کیفیت زندگی وار و همکاران (1993) و استرس ادراک شده کوهن و همکاران (1983) بود. داده های پژوهش با آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس چندمتغیره تحلیل شدند. یافته ها نشان داد که درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر علائم روانشناختی، کیفیت زندگی و استرس در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال علائم جسمی اثربخش است. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن است که درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد با بهره گیری از مهارت های شناختی مورد نیاز و کنترل فکر، منجر به کاهش علائم روانشناختی، استرس ادراک شده و افزایش کیفیت زندگی بیماران مبتلا به اختلال علائم جسمی می شود.

During the Coronavirus pandemic, online classes and exams became popular to protect people's health. Despite the benefits, there were security issues and exam cheating. This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the amount and type of cheating in online and face-to-face exams using a qualitative method. The statistical population was all male and female students of the sixth grade of Pirbakran city in the academic year 2021-2022. In this research, a mixed rural school was selected using available sampling method and a structured face-to-face interview was conducted with all 14 sixth-grade students of the school. The interview questions were written and checked in MAXQDA software version 2020. From the analysis of the interviews, it was concluded that the rate of student cheating in online tests is much higher than that in face-to-face tests. The most common methods of cheating in online tests are the use of textbooks, the help of classmates, and the use of the Internet. Also, the most common method of cheating in face-to-face exams was the help of a classmate, and they considered the objective questions in the exams to be one of the important reasons for the ease of cheating. According to the findings of the research, the exams should be held in person as much as possible. In order to reduce cheating in the design of face-to-face and online tests, it is better to use more conceptual, in-depth and descriptive questions not published on the Internet browser; design different questions for students and explain the importance of studying and the negative points of cheating for students; replace four-choice questions with explanatory questions; increase the distance between the students in the face-to-face exam and control to prevent the presence of embedded fraud; not to answer the questions by the invigilators, and check students' pockets and hands in order to prevent cheating and avoid providing them with multiple draft sheets.